Help:Шаблони

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Ако ви се налага да вмъкнете един и същ текст в различни уики страници, то тогава на помощ идват шаблоните. За разлика от разширенията и мултимедийни файлове, за шаблоните няма централно хранилище. Шаблоните могат да бъдат новосъздадени или да бъдат копирани от друго уики - например от английската Wikipedia и след това се поставят в желаното от вас уики.

Създаване

Templates are standard wiki pages whose content is designed to be transcluded (embedded) inside other pages. Templates follow a convention that the name is prefixed with "Template:", assigning it to that namespace; besides this, you can create them like any other wiki page.

Най-простият начин за употреба на шаблони е следната. Ако създадете страница, наречена "Шаблон:Добре дошли" със съдържание:

Здравейте! Добре дошли в уикито.

ще сте създали първият си шаблон! Ако след това поставите кода:

{{Добре дошли}}

в която и да е друга страница, вместо {{Добре дошли}}, в нея ще се появява текста "Здравейте! Добре дошли в уикито.". Съдържанието на шаблона е вградено ("transcluded") в другата страница, т.е. той е интегриран в страницата.

След това във всеки момент можете да вмъкнете {{Добре дошли}} на всяка страница, на която искате да посрещнете някого. Да предположим, че шаблонът се използва в 100 страници. Ако след това промените съдържанието на шаблона на:

Здравейте! Добре дошли в това чудесно уики.

и посетите отново всяка от 100-те страници, където се използва шаблона, ще видите новия текст вместо първоначалния. По този начин, вие сте променили съдържанието на 100 страници, без да ги редактирате, защото шаблонът е вграден в тях.

Това е основният механизъм. Има няколко допълнителни функции при вграждането, които обогатяват този механизъм и правят шаблоните много полезни.

Употреба

Шаблоните могат да се използват в други страници по следните начини:

• {{Name}} — as described above, this text (commonly referred to as a "template call") will be dynamically replaced by the content of the page titled Template:Name (a process called "transclusion") every time the page with the template call is loaded (i.e., viewed by a reader of the wiki).

Because the template call remains in the pages's source, any subsequent change to Template:Name will be seen on the page containing the template call. Also, the page will be listed among those that "link to" the template.

• {{subst:Name}} — when this type of template call is used, it will be replaced by a static copy of the content of Template:Name as of the time the page containing the template call is saved.

That is, a copy of the contents of Template:Name will be substituted for the template call. No link is maintained between the page and the template, so each can be edited further without affecting the other. In effect, there is little difference between substituting the content in this way and simply typing it into the page's source "manually".

• {{safesubst:Name}} — this was introduced to allow for recursive substitution in cases where templates contain calls to other templates or parser functions.

See Help:Substitution for more information.

• {{msgnw:Name}} — this displays the template content as raw wiki syntax (the way ‎<nowiki> does) when the page containing it is viewed.

В действителност, дори обикновената уики страница може да се използва като шаблон, просто чрез посочване на именното пространство, в което тя се намира, като:

• {{Template:Pagename}} transcludes the page titled Template:Pagename (equivalent to {{Pagename}})

• {{Talk:Pagename}} transcludes the page titled Talk:Pagename

• {{:Pagename}} transcludes the page titled Pagename (i.e., in the main namespace)

• • {{subst::Pagename}} substitutes the contents of the page titled Pagename

If the specfied namespace doesn't exist, the full title is assumed to be a template:

• {{Foo:Bar}} transcludes Template:Foo:Bar

Параметри

За по-пълноценно вграждане, МедиаУики позволява изпращането на параметри към шаблона и тяхното ползване впоследствие. Параметрите позволяват шаблоните да предоставят различно съдържание или да имат различно поведение при вмъкване.

Да предположим, че искате да вмъкнете малка благодарност на страницата с разговори с другите уикипедианци. Текстът който ще използвате често прилича на:

Бележката ще включва някаква причина - "за усилията" и подател - "мен". Като цяло тази функция ще може да бъде ползвана от всеки и всеки ще може да изтъкне произволна причина.

Тази бележка ще изглежда по един и същ начин където и да бъде ползвана. Although the note should look similar whenever a user thanks another user, its specific contents (i.e. the reason and the signature) will be different. For that reason, you should pass them as parameters. If we ignore the remaining elements to format the box and place the image, the core content of the template will be this:

'''A little thank you...'''
for {{{1}}}.
hugs, {{{2}}}

Notice the use of {{{1}}} and {{{2}}}. This is the way to identify, within templates, the parameters that will be passed in when the template is used. Note that, within the template, each parameter is surrounded by three braces: {{{ }}}. This is different from normal template name usage.

When using the template on a page, you fill in the parameter values, separated by a "pipe" character (|). MediaWiki allows parameters to be passed to the template in three ways: Anonymously, Numbered, and Named.

Анонимни параметри

За да предадете анонимно параметрите, приложете техните стойности поредно:

{{Благодаря|за усилията|аз}}

In this case, the {{Thankyou}} template receives parameters {{{1}}}=all your effort and {{{2}}}=Me, producing:

The order in which anonymous parameters are passed in is crucial to its behavior. Reversing the order of the parameters, like so:

{{Thankyou|Me|all your effort}}

would produce this result:

Благодаря за Me. Поздрави, all your effort

Identifying parameters by order (with {{{1}}}, etc.) works only with anonymous parameters. Any parameters identified by name, as shown below, will not be accessible to the template using ordinal numbers.

If an equal sign appears inside the argument to an anonymous template parameter, that parameter may be misinterpreted as a named parameter (which is explained below in this document) treating the text before the equal sign as the parameter name and the text after it as the argument value. This is a common problem when you need to include an external link, or an HTML element with attributes (see task T16235). The workaround is to use named parameters instead, or even numbered parameters as explained in the following section.

Numbered parameters

To pass in parameters by number, identify each parameter when passing it:

{{Thankyou|2=Me|1=your friendship}}

This time, template {{Thankyou}} receives parameters {{{1}}}=your friendship and {{{2}}}=Me, though they have been supplied in inverse order, and produces:

Благодаря за your friendship. Поздрави, Me

Това може да бъде полезно и когато някой от номерираните параметри съдържа знак "=".

Примери

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">{{Thankyou|1=adding “=”|2=Me}}</span>

произвежда

Благодаря за добавяне на „=“. Поздрави, Аз

Внимание:

Това също изисква номериране на параметъра.

Именувани параметри

The third way of passing parameters is by name instead of numbers. In this case, the template contents would be changed to:

'''A little thank you...'''
for {{{reason}}}.
hugs, {{{signature}}}

Within the template, we use {{{reason}}} and {{{signature}}} to identify each parameter, instead of a number. To pass these parameters by name, identify each parameter when passing it:

{{Thankyou|signature=Me|reason=being who you are}}

In this case, template {{Thankyou}} receives parameters {{{reason}}}=being who you are and {{{signature}}}=Me and produces:

Благодаря за being who you are. Поздрави, Me

Named parameters are case-sensitive, so:

{{Thankyou|signature=Me|Reason=being who you are|reason=being case-sensitive}}

produces:

Благодаря за being case-sensitive. Поздрави, Me

The advantage of using named parameters in your template, besides also being flexible in the order parameters can be passed, is that it makes the template code much easier to understand if there are many parameters.

Стойности по подразбиране

If you transclude a template that expects parameters, but do not provide their arguments, in this way:

{{Thankyou}}

in the numbered parameters example above you would get the following:

Благодаря за {{{1}}}. Поздрави, {{{2}}}

Since no arguments were passed in, the template presents the parameters themselves, instead of their respective values. In these cases, it may be useful to define default values for the parameters, i.e. values that will be used if no value is passed in. For example, if the template contents are changed to:

'''A little thank you...'''
for {{{reason|everything}}}.
hugs, {{{signature|Me}}}

then {{{reason|everything}}} defines that if no argument is provided for parameter {{{reason}}}, then the value everything will be used. Similarly, {{{signature|Me}}}, defaults parameter {{{signature}}} to value Me. Now, transcluding the template again without passing any argument results in the following:

Благодаря за everything. Поздрави, Me

The value of a parameter can be an empty string. For example, in {{foo|bar=}} or {{foo|bar=|baz=qux}}, the foo template considers the bar parameter to be "". This is different from omitting the parameter altogether, which leaves it undefined and triggers the default value mechanism described above.

Often default values are used to specify alternate names of parameters. For example, if you have {{{a|{{{b|}}} }}}, the template will first look for a parameter named "a". If it is not set, it will use the parameter named "b". If neither "a" nor "b" is set, it will output nothing.

Evaluation

This is an advanced topic which you can skip unless you need it.

Generally speaking, template parameters are substituted into the template after tokenization, but as is. They are not evaluated until they are used.

This has a few consequences. First of all, if you have a Template:Start containing {{mytemplate, and a Template:End containing |foo=bar}}, and put {{start}}{{end}} on a page, mytemplate isn't transcluded, because tokens like "|" cannot be added by a template and keep their special meaning in templates. You can still use templates to control the name of a parameter or template, but you cannot split a template call amongst multiple templates.

The second consequence of this is dead-code elimination. If you make a template call like {{foo|{{DISPLAYTITLE:Bar}} }}, and Template:Foo does not contain {{{1}}}, then the displaytitle is not used, since it is only evaluated when needed, and there is no parameter to substitute it into, so it is never evaluated. This usually comes into play when using Extension:ParserFunctions, and can be especially noticed when used in combination with the int: magic word that varies by user language.

Template calls starting with the magic word subst: or safesubst: are evaluated in a separate first pass that only happens at save time, along with ~~~~ and links using the pipe trick. If they cannot be evaluated during the first pass, subst: calls are ignored, and safesubst: are treated as if a normal template.

Many but not all parser functions, parser tags and trancluded special pages are not directly included like templates but instead are replaced by a "strip marker". This means you cannot manipulate the results with parser functions like padleft: or similar functions from extensions, as they see the strip marker instead of the result of the parser function.

Recursion in templates

Including a template in itself won't throw MediaWiki into infinite recursion. MediaWiki will stop the recursion with the template's name in bold. For example, if the content of Template:Aaaa is a {{Aaaa}} z, it'll display "a a z z".

Forbidden idiom

This safeguard precludes a potentially useful template idiom where a template self-normalizes its own calling arguments. In this forbidden example template:d can either be called {{d|20200311}} or {{d|y=2020|m=3|d=11}}. If called in the first manner, it recurses into itself with the second argument structure (obtained using string parser functions), which then follows a unified processing path.

{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{d|y={{#sub:{{{1}}}|0|4}}|m={{#sub:{{{1}}}|4|2}}|d={{#sub:{{{1}}}|6|2}}}}|<!-- processing path with arguments y,m,d regardless of original call pattern -->}}

If template:d is modified to recurse into template:d/2 and template:d/2 is an identical manual copy of template:d this idiom works fine as the self-recursion safeguard operates dynamically and not statically.

A feasible way for the MediaWiki software to loosen the self-recursion rule would be to require that each recursive call have a distinct argument count from all previous active calls, at most once recursing with the argument count non-decreasing. That would provide a strong guarantee against infinite self-recursion while enabling useful idioms such as the one described here in a flexible manner.

If the processing path is of low complexity, a simple solution using only one template is to handle each calling convention on a separate if/else branch, duplicating the logic of the processing path within each case. If the processing path is more complex, each call-structure case can delegate to an implementation template with a unified call structure which provides the final template behaviour.

Tables in parameters

Since the pipe character (|) and equality sign (=) have different meanings in template calls and wikitables, in order to use table markup in the value of a template parameter one generally needs to "escape" those characters (i.e., protect them from interpretation as template markup) using special sequences:

• the built-in magic word {{!}} provides an "escaped" version of | since MediaWiki 1.24
• the built-in magic word {{=}} provides an "escaped" version of = since MediaWiki 1.39

Before the introduction of these magic words, many wikis used templates to accomplish the same things. On such a wiki, the magic words take precendence over the same-named templates.

Example table

A	B	C
A1	B1	C1
A2	B2	C1

Table code:

{| class=wikitable
!A!!B!!C
|-
|A1||B1||C1
|-
|A2||B2||C1
|}

Escaped table code:

{{{!}} class{{=}}wikitable
!A!!B!!C
{{!}}-
{{!}}A1{{!}}{{!}}B1{{!}}{{!}}C1
{{!}}-
{{!}}A2{{!}}{{!}}B2{{!}}{{!}}C2
{{!}}}

Note that the first left-brace ({) is interpreted as a literal left-brace character because it is immediately followed by the {{!}} magic word. Similarly, the last right-brace (}) is interpreted as a literal right-brace character because it is immediately preceeded by the same magic word. However, in some cases these brace characters do cause problems, so some wikis provide templates for escaping these characters, as well:

• the template call {{(}} might provide an "escaped" version of {
• the template call {{(}} might provide an "escaped" version of {

Some wikis go even further and provide other convenience templates like {{(!}} and {{!!}}. On such a wiki, the code can be simplified a bit to this form:

{{(!}} class{{=}}wikitable
!A!!B!!C
{{!}}-
{{!}}A1{{!!}}B1{{!!}}C1
{{!}}-
{{!}}A2{{!!}}B2{{!!}}C2
{{!)}}

Control template inclusion

By default, a template's content is displayed in its entirety, both when viewed directly and when included in another page. However, you can control which parts of a template will be seen and included by the use of the ‎<noinclude>, ‎<includeonly> and ‎<onlyinclude> tags.

Anything between ‎<noinclude> and ‎</noinclude> will be seen only when the template's page is being viewed directly, but not when it is included in another page. This is useful when you want to include text or code in a template that you do not want to propagate to any pages which include it, such as:

• Category links when categorizing the template itself

• interlanguage links to similar templates in other languages

• Explanatory text about how to use the template

Likewise, anything between ‎<includeonly> and ‎</includeonly> will be processed and displayed only when the page is being included, but not when the template page is being viewed directly, and is useful in situations such as:

• Categorizing pages which include the template. Note: when changing the categories applied by a template in this fashion, the categorization of the pages which include that template may not be updated until some time later: this is handled by the job queue . To force the re-categorization of a particular page, open that page for editing and save it without changes.

• Ensuring that the template's code is not executed when viewing the template page itself. Typically this is because it expects parameters, and its execution without parameters has an undesired result.

Everything outside ‎<noinclude> and ‎<includeonly> is processed and displayed normally; that is, both when the template page is being viewed directly and when the template is included in another page. The focus is on what is inside these two tags.

Everything outside ‎<onlyinclude> tags is discarded in the transclusion. Even sections tagged includeonly are discarded in the transclusion unless they are also tagged as onlyinclude. The focus is on what is outside this tag.

Nesting of these tags is also possible.

The three partial transclusion tags enable all possible combinations of what is processed and rendered. Comments also fill a role.

Organizing templates

For templates to be effective, users need to find them, and find out how to use them.

To find them, users can:

1. Click Специални страници > Всички страници
2. In the Именно пространство: list, choose Template and click Зареждане.

To give usage information, include an example like this one on the template page:

<noinclude>
== Usage ==
Welcome users:
{{Thankyou|reason=your reason|signature=your signature}}
</noinclude>

Then, an editor can simply copy and paste the example to use the template.

While editing a page, a list of all templates used is available under the editing form, in a collapsible section titled "Templates used on this page:" (also named "Templates used in this preview:", or "Templates used in this section:" depending on the context). This list provides a convenient link to the template's page, as well as information about its protection status. Redirected templates are shown in italics, with the redirect target added as a separate list item.

Linking to a template

A template page can be linked to like any other wiki page. For example, the link Template:Navbar is generated using the wikicode [[Template:Navbar]].

On many wikis, Template:Tl can be used to provide a link to a template formatted in a way that shows the "double curly-braces" wikicode necessary to transclude the template without actually doing the tranclusion. For example, the code {{tl|Navbar}} may be used to create the link {{Navbar}}.

This construct is commonly used when referring to templates in template documentation, on help pages, and on talk pages. The same effect can be achieved by using {{[[Template:Navbar|Navbar]]}}, but the {{tl}} approach involves much less typing. On any given wiki the Tl template, if it exists, may or may not render the text in a "code" element or as monospace type. If not (as on this wiki), another similarly named template may do so. See, for example, the "See also" section of our Template:Tl documentation.

Копиране от едно уики в друго

Templates often require CSS or other templates, so users frequently have trouble copying templates from one wiki to another. The steps below should work for most templates.

МедияУики код

If you have import rights (specifically importupload) on the new wiki:

1. Go to Special:Export on the original wiki, and download an .xml file with the complete history of all necessary templates, as follows:

1. • Enter the name of the template in the big text box, e.g. "Template:Welcome". Pay special attention to capitalization and special characters — if the template name isn't exactly correct, the export may still occur but the .xml file will not have the expected data.

1. • Select the box "Включване на шаблоните".

1. • Select the box "Включване само на текущата версия, а не на цялата история".

1. • Click "Изнасяне".

1. Go to Special:Import on the new wiki and upload the .xml file.

If you don't have import rights on the new wiki:

1. Go to the template you want to copy from the original wiki. Go to the edit page, and copy all the wikitext
2. On the new wiki, go to the page with the same name as the template you copied. Hit create/edit and paste the wikitext you copied. In the edit summary of each template, link to the original page for attribution.
3. Back in the original wiki at the edit window, below the edit box, look at the list of "Templates used on this page". For each template listed follow these instructions. Also do that for any template used by any of these templates, and so on.

This will copy the entire code necessary, and will suffice for some templates. Note that only page elements parsed in rendering the page get exported, consequently documentation subpages are not exported as part of this process. If it doesn't work also check for red links listed under "Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page:", below the edit box. If there are any repeat the above steps for these as well and also copy the code in the modules.

After successfully importing the template and all its linked templates from the other wiki, edit it to change customisations to suit your wiki. For example to change a logo, remove redundant categories or red links.

Extensions

An extension often used in templates is ParserFunctions. Visit page Extension:ParserFunctions/bg and check if any of the functions listed there are used in the templates you've copied. If so, you have to install the ParserFunctions extension. To install it, you'll need system admin access to the server of your MediaWiki installation.

Another dependency that may be used in templates, especially those on Wikipedia, is Lua. Having {{#invoke: }} in template code is a good sign for it. In case it's used, you need to install the Scribunto extension and system admin access is required too. See that page for more instructions about installing and using the extension.

CSS и JavaScript код

Besides MediaWiki code, many templates make use of CSS and some rely on JavaScript to work fully. If the copied templates are not behaving as expected, this may be the cause. To copy the required CSS and JavaScript to your wiki you'll normally need to have admin privileges, because you'll be editing system messages in the "MediaWiki:" namespace.

1. Look for the use of CSS classes (text like class="foobar") in the template text. If those classes appear in "MediaWiki:Common.css" or "MediaWiki:Monobook.css" on the original wiki, copy those classes to "MediaWiki:Common.css" on the new wiki and check if the template is now fine.

1. If the copied template is still not working as expected, check if there is code in "MediaWiki:Common.js" or "MediaWiki:Monobook.js" on the original wiki. If so, you can try copying it to "MediaWiki:Common.js" on the new wiki. Normally, it is a good idea to only copy code from trusted sources, and first browsing the code to identify and select the parts that are relevant. You may find comments that can serve as clues to identify the functionality of each part.

Вижте също

General template usage

• w:Help:Template – a little more detail than here

• m:Help:Template – much more thorough manual on how exactly templates function

• m:Help:Advanced templates – describes even more advanced techniques such as dynamic template calls and variable parameter names

Special constructs used in templates

• Help:Magic words – fancy stuff you may find in some templates
• Help:Extension:ParserFunctions/bg – additional fancy control functions such as #if and #switch
• Help:Parser functions in templates – guidance on using parser functions in templates
• Help:TemplateData

Other relevant information

• Help:ExpandTemplates
• Help:External searches – a template special use case example
• Manual:Importing Wikipedia infoboxes tutorial
• Extension:PageTemplates
• Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text – Using templates as the starting text of a page
• Help:Transclusion – embedding pages from namespaces other than Template:

External links

• Miraheze template repository - MediaWiki templates intended for general use.