Manual:Backing up a wiki/zh

进行常规的数据备份对于维基非常重要. 这个页面将概述性地向您介绍典型的MediaWiki构建的维基的备份步骤. 您也可以构建您自己的备份脚本来适应您的需求.

Overview
MediaWiki stores important data in two places:
 * Database : Pages and their contents, users and their preferences, metadata, search index, etc.
 * File system : Software configuration files, custom skins, extensions, images (including deleted images), etc.

Consider making the wiki read-only before creating the backup - see $wgReadOnly. This makes sure all parts of your backup are consistent (some of your installed extensions may write data nonetheless).

文件传输
You will have to choose a method for transferring files from the server where they are:


 * Non-private data you can simply publish on archive.org and/or in a  directory of your webserver.
 * SCP (or WinSCP), SFTP/FTP or whatever other transfer protocol you're used to/is available.
 * The hosting company might provide a file manager interface via a web browser; check with your provider.

数据库
Most of the critical data in the wiki is stored in the database, which is typically straightforward to back up. When using the default MySQL backend, the database can be dumped into a script file which can be used later to recreate the database and all the data in it from scratch.

Mysqldump from the command line
The most convenient way to create a dump file of the database you want to back up is to use the standard MySQL dump tool mysqldump from the command line. Be sure to get the parameters right or you may have difficulty restoring the database. Depending on database size, mysqldump could take a considerable amount of time.

First insert the following line into LocalSettings.php $wgReadOnly = 'Dumping Database, Access will be restored shortly'; this can be removed as soon as the dump is completed.

Example of the command to run on the Linux/UNIX shell: mysqldump -h hostname -u userid --password --default-character-set=whatever dbname > backup.sql Substituting hostname, userid, character-set, and dbname as appropriate. mysqldump will prompt for the password. If no character set is specified, mysqldump x.x.x uses utf8, and earlier versions used latin1. Your wiki's database might be using binary. Check in the LocalSettings.php file to find out which (usually under $wgDBTableOptions DEFAULT CHARSET). Otherwise mysql might dump according to the server's file system and not the wiki's. The dbname can also be found in LocalSettings.php under $wgDBname.

See mysqldump for a full list of command line parameters.

The output from mysqldump can instead be piped to gzip, for a smaller output file, as follows mysqldump -h hostname -u userid --password dbname | gzip > backup.sql.gz

A similar mysqldump command can be used to produce xml output instead, by including the --xml parameter. mysqldump -h hostname -u userid --password --xml dbname > backup.xml and to compress the file with a pipe to gzip mysqldump -h hostname -u userid --password --xml dbname | gzip > backup.xml.gz

Remember to also backup the file system components of the wiki that might be required, eg. images, logo, and extensions.

Running mysqldump with Cron
Cron is the time-based job scheduler in Unix-like computer operating systems. Cron enables users to schedule jobs (commands or shell scripts) to run periodically at certain times or dates.

A sample command that you may run from a crontab may look like this:  nice -n 19 mysqldump -u $USER --password=$PASSWORD $DATABASE -c | nice -n 19 gzip -9 > ~/backup/wiki-$DATABASE-$(date '+%Y%m%d').sql.gz The  lowers the priority of the process.

Use valid values for,  , and. This will write a backup file with the weekday in the filename so you would have a rolling set of backups. If you want to save the files and extensions as well, you might want to use this one.

If you want to add this task in Cron through Cpanel then you must escape the character "%" /usr/bin/mysqldump -u $USER --password=$PASSWORD $DATABASE -c | /bin/gzip > ~/backup/wiki-$DATABASE-$(date '+\%Y\%m\%d').sql.gz

or you will get an error: /bin/sh: -c: line 0: unexpected EOF while looking for matching `'' /bin/sh: -c: line 1: syntax error: unexpected end of file

Tables
Under close examination one finds that some of the tables dumped have various degrees of temporariness. So to save disk space (beyond just gziping), although those tables need to be present in a proper dump, their data does not. However, under certain circumstances the disadvantage of having to rebuild all this data may outweigh the saving in disk space (for example, on a large wiki where restoration speed is paramount).

See mailing list thread mysql5 binary schema about the topic.

Latin-1 to UTF-8 conversion
See the relevant section of the upgrading page for information about this process. Also see the talk page for more information about working with character sets in general.

PostgreSQL
You can use the  tool to back up a MediaWiki PostgreSQL database. For example: pg_dump mywiki > mywikidump.sql will dump the  database to mywikidump.sql.

To restore the dump: psql mywiki -f mywikidump.sql

You may also want to dump the global information, e.g. the database users:

pg_dumpall --globals > postgres_globals.sql

phpMyAdmin
Turn your wiki to read only by adding  to LocalSettings.php.

Open the browser to your phpadmin link, login, choose the wiki database. (Check LocalSettings.php if you're not sure). Select Export. Make sure all items under Export are highlighted, and make sure Structure is highlighted (it's important to maintain the table structure). Optionally check Add DROP TABLE to delete existing references when importing. Make sure Data is checked. Select zipped. Then click on GO and save the backup file.

Remove  from LocalSettings.php

Remember to also backup the file system components of the wiki that might be required, eg. images, logo, and extensions.

HeidiSQL
HeidiSQL is similar to phpMyAdmin, but without any restrictions of phpMyAdmin's free version.

File system
MediaWiki stores other components of the wiki in the file system where this is more appropriate than insertion into the database, for example, site configuration files (,  (finally removed in 1.23)), image files (including deleted images, thumbnails and rendered math and SVG images, if applicable), skin customisations, extension files, etc.

The best method to back these up is to place them into an archive file, such as a  file, which can then be compressed if desired. On Windows, applications such as WinZip or 7-zip can be used if preferred.

For Linux variants, assuming the wiki is stored in /srv/www/htdocs/wiki tar zcvhf wikidata.tgz /srv/www/htdocs/wiki It should be possible to backup the entire "wiki" folder in "htdocs" if using XAMPP.

备份维基内容（以XML方式）
It is also a good idea to create an XML dump in addition to the database dump. XML dumps contain the content of the wiki (wiki pages with all their revisions), without the site-related data (they do not contain user accounts, image metadata, logs, etc).

XML dumps are less likely to cause problems with character encoding, as a means of transfering large amounts of content quickly, and are easily be used by third party tools, which makes XML dumps a good fallback should your main database dump become unusable.

To create an XML dump, use the command-line tool, located in the   directory of your MediaWiki installation. See Manual:dumpBackup.php for more details.

You can also create an XML dump for a specific set of pages online, using Special:Export, although attempting to dump large quantities of pages through this interface will usually time out.

To import an XML dump into a wiki, use the command-line tool. For a small set of pages, you can also use the Special:Import page via your browser (by default, this is restricted to the sysop group). As an alternative to  and , you can use MWDumper, which is faster, but requires a Java runtime environment.

See Manual:Importing XML dumps for more information.

Without shell access to the server
If you have no shell access, then use the WikiTeam Python script dumpgenerator.py from a DOS, Unix or Linux command-line. To run the script see the WikiTeam tutorial.

See also Data dumps.

Scripts

 * Unofficial backup script by User:Duesentrieb.


 * Unofficial backup script by Flominator; creates a backup of all files and the database, with optional backup rotation.


 * User:Darizotas/MediaWiki Backup Script for Windows - a script for backing up a Windows MediaWiki install. Note: Has no restore feature.


 * Unofficial web-based backup script, mw_tools, by Wanglong (allwiki.com); you can use it to back up your database, or use the backup files to recover the database, the operation is very easy.


 * WikiTeam tools - if you do not have server access (e.g. your wiki is in a free wikifarm), you can generate an XML dump and an image dump using WikiTeam tools (see some saved wikis)


 * Fullsitebackup


 * Another backup script that: dumps DB, files, and XML; puts the site into read-only mode; timestamps backups; and reads the charset from LocalSettings. Script does not need to be modified for each site to be backed up. Does not (yet) rotate old backups. Usage:


 * Script to make periodical backups mw_backup. This script will make daily, weekly and monthly backups of your database and images directory when run as a daily cron job.