Help:Templates/ru

Шаблоны MediaWiki полезны для размещения одинаковых стандартных элементов (текста или форматирования) в других страницах.

Создание шаблонов
Шаблоны являются обычными вики-страницами, с той разницей, что их названия начинаются с префикса « » (« »), поэтому их можно создавать так же как обычные страницы.

The simplest use of templates is as follows. If you create a page called "Template:Welcome" with contents:

Hello! Welcome to the wiki.

you'll have created your first template! If you then insert the code:

in any other page, when that page is viewed the text "Hello! Welcome to the wiki." will appear instead of. The template content is "transcluded" into the other page, i.e. it is integrated in the page.

You can then insert  at any point of any page where you wish to welcome someone. Suppose it is used in 100 pages. If you then change the template contents to:

Hi there! Welcome to this wonderful wiki.

and revisit any of the 100 pages where the template was used, you'll see the new text instead of the original one. In this way, you have changed the content of 100 pages without editing them, because the template is transcluded into these pages.

This is the basic mechanism. There are several additional features of transclusion that enrich this mechanism and make templates very useful.

Использование
Шаблоны — это вики-страницы, используемые в других вики-страницах. Доступных способов использования три:


 * добавляет в страницу копию содержимого шаблона (страницы с именем Template:Name ). Обращение к шаблону производится каждый раз, когда производится извлечение использующей его страницы. Таким образом, если изменить шаблон, то отображение использующих его страниц тоже изменится.* заменяет данную строку содержимым шаблона в момент сохранения страницы. Таким образом, после сохранения в ней остается копия шаблона, которую можно будет изменять так же, как обычную wiki-разметку. После сохранения шаблон и страница редактируются независимо: изменение страницы не влияет на шаблон, изменение шаблона не влияет на страницу. Note: не стоит пользоваться данным способом, если вы хотите, чтобы изменения шаблона отображались в использующих его страницах.*   — this was introduced to allow for substitution that doesn't break transclusion, see w:en:Help:Substitution.*   включает шаблон в виде формы, отображающейся в использующей его странице, аналогично тому как действует тэг  . Как и в первом случае, изменение шаблона изменяет то, что мы видим при отображении страницы.

In fact, an ordinary wiki page can also be used as a template, simply by specifying the namespace it resides in, so:


 * includes *   includes  *   includes  **   replaces itself with the contents of

If no such namespace exists, the full title is assumed to be a template:


 * includes

Параметры
To enrich the mechanism of transclusion, MediaWiki allows parameters to be passed to a template when it is transcluded. Parameters allow the template to produce different contents or have different behaviors.

Suppose you wish to insert a little thank you note in the talk page of other users, such as:

The thank you note will have a reason (in this case, "all your effort") and a signature ("Me"). Your objective is that any user is able to thank any other user, for any reason whatsoever.

So that the note will look similar everywhere it is used, you can define a template called Template:Thankyou, for example. Although the note should look similar whenever a user thanks another user, its specific contents (i.e. the reason and the signature) will be different. For that reason, you should pass them as parameters. If we ignore the remaining elements to format the box and place the image, the core content of the template will be this:

A little thank you... for. hugs,

Notice the use of  and. This is the way to identify, within templates, the parameters that will be passed in when the template is used. Note that, within the template, each parameter is surrounded by three braces:. This is different from normal template name usage.

When using the template on a page, you fill in the parameter values, separated by a "pipe" character. MediaWiki allows parameters to be passed to the template in three ways: Anonymously, Numbered, and Named.

Anonymous parameters
To pass in anonymous parameters, list the values of those parameters sequentially:

In this case, the  template receives parameters   and , producing:

The order in which anonymous parameters are passed in is crucial to its behavior. Reversing the order of the parameters, like so:

would produce this result:

Note: identifying parameters by order (with, etc) works only with anonymous parameters. If your page identifies any parameter by number or name, as shown below, this method will no longer be available to the template which receives them.

Шаблон с нумерованными параметрами
To pass in parameters by number, identify each parameter when passing it:

This time, template  receives parameters   and , though they have been supplied in inverse order, and produces:

Шаблон с именованными параметрами
The third way of passing parameters is by name, instead of numbers. In this case, the template contents would be changed to:

A little thank you... for. hugs,

Within the template, we use  and   to identify each parameter, instead of a number. To pass these parameters by name, identify each parameter when passing it:

In this case, template  receives parameters   and   and produces:

The advantage of using named parameters in your template, besides also being flexible in the order parameters can be passed, is that it makes the template code much easier to understand if there are many parameters.

Default values
If you transclude a template that expects parameters, but do not provide them, in this way:

in the numbered parameters example above you would get the following:

Since no parameters were passed in, the template presents the parameters themselves, instead of their respective values. In these cases, it may be useful to define default values for the parameters, i.e. values that will be used if no value is passed in. For example, if the template contents are changed to:

A little thank you... for. hugs,

then  defines that if no parameter   is provided, then the value   will be used. Similarly,, defaults parameter   to value. Now, transcluding the template again without passing any parameter, results in the following:

Управление включением шаблонов
Тем, какая часть шаблона будет включаться в страницу, можно управлять с помощью тэгов  и.

Всё что находится между  и   будет обрабатываться и отображаться только если страница шаблона просматривается сама по себе. Возможное применения данной возможности следующие:


 * отнесение шаблонов к категориям* межъязыковые ссылки на похожие шаблоны на других языках* пояснительный текст по использованию шаблона

Противоположным образом работает тэг. Текст, находящийся между  и   будет обрабатываться и отображаться только когда страница шаблона включена в другую страницу.


 * Очевидным применением этого является добавление всех страниц, содержащих данный шаблон, к категории, без добавления самого шаблона в эту категорию. Замечание: Когда вы изменяете категории, добавляемые в страницу с использованием шаблонов, категоризация может не сработать сразу, так как она управляется .* Ensuring that the template's code is not executed when viewing the template page itself. Typically this is because it expects parameters, and its execution without parameters has an undesired result.

Everything outside  and   tags is processed and displayed normally; that is, both when the template page is being viewed directly and when the template is included in another page.

Систематизация шаблонов
Для эффективного использования шаблонов нужно их легко находить и применять. Легче всего это обеспечить, поместив на страницу шаблона пример его использования.

To find them, users can:
 * 1) Click Special Pages > All Pages
 * 2) In the Namespace list, choose Template and click Go.

Например такой:

Использование
Позволяет давать ссылку на тему:

Таким образом редактор сможет просто скопировать пример и модифицировать его для своих нужд.

Copying from one wiki to another
Templates often require CSS or other templates, so users frequently have trouble copying templates from one wiki to another. The steps below should work for most templates.

MediaWiki code
If you have import rights on the new wiki:# Go to Special:Export on the original wiki, and download an .xml file with the complete history of all necessary templates, as follows:#* Enter the name of the template in the big text box, e.g. "Template:Welcome". Pay special attention to capitalization and special characters — if the template name isn't exactly correct, the export may still occur but the .xml file will not have the expected data.#* Check the box "Include templates".#* Uncheck the box "Include only the current revision".#* Click Export.# Go to Special:Import on the new wiki and upload the .xml file.

If you don't have import rights on the new wiki:# Go to Special:Export on the original wiki, and download an .xml file with the latest version only of all necessary templates, as follows:#* Enter the name of the template in the big text box.#* Check the box "Include templates".#* Check the box "Include only the current revision".#* Click Export.#* Open the file in a text editor and replace certain XML entities with the corresponding characters: &amp;lt; → <, &amp;gt; → >, &amp;quot; → " and &amp;amp; → &. Because of XML syntax rules, these entities appear in the XML file, but they should not appear in the edit box of the MediaWiki instance.#* Manually copy the text inside the  tag of each listed template into a similarly named template in your wiki. In the edit summary of each template, link to the original page for attribution.

This will copy the entire code necessary, and will suffice for some templates.

Extensions
An extension often used in templates is ParserFunctions. Visit page and check if any of the functions listed there are used in the templates you've copied. If so, you have to install the. To install it, you'll need system admin access to the server of your MediaWiki installation.

Another dependency that may be used in templates, especially those on Wikipedia, is Lua. Having  in template code is a good sign for it. In case it's used, you need to install the and system admin access is required too. See that page for more instructions about installing and using the extension.

CSS and JavaScript code
Besides MediaWiki code, many templates make use of CSS and some rely on JavaScript to work fully. If the copied templates are not behaving as expected, this may be the cause. To copy the required CSS and JavaScript to your wiki you'll normally need to have admin priviledges, because you'll be editing system messages in the "MediaWiki:" namespace.


 * 1) Look for the use of CSS classes (text like  ) in the template text. If those classes appear in "MediaWiki:Common.css" or "MediaWiki:Monobook.css" on the original wiki, copy them to "MediaWiki:Common.css" on the new wiki and check if the template is now fine.# If the copied template is still not working as expected, check if there is code in "MediaWiki:Common.js" or "MediaWiki:Monobook.js" on the original wiki. If so, you can try copying it to "MediaWiki:Common.js" on the new wiki. Normally, it is a good idea to only copy code from trusted sources, and first browsing the code to identify and select the parts that are relevant. You may find comments that can serve as clues to identify the functionality of each part.

См. также

 * Special:MyLanguage/Help:External searches — пример необычного использования шаблонов.
 * Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words – fancy stuff you may find in some templates
 * Special:MyLanguage/Help:Parser functions in templates
 * – contains a much more thorough manual on how exactly templates function
 * – describes even more advanced techniques such as dynamic template calls and variable variables
 * – embedding pages from namespaces other than.