Manual:Security/cs


 * Pokud se domníváte, že jste na MediaWiki nebo na některé z webových stránek Wikimedie našli problém se zabezpečením, využijte pro kontaktní informace, abychom mohli připravit vydání opravy chyb.



Udržujte systém aktuální
To nejdůležitější co můžete pro bezpečnost udělat ,je to, že budete své programové vybavení udržovat aktuální. MediaWiki i software, na kterém závisí, občas vytvoří nové verze opravující nově objevené bezpečnostní chyby, které vás mohou ovlivnit.

Vývojáři MediaWiki důrazně doporučují, aby se kdokoli, kdo provozuje MediaWiki přihlásil k odběru na seznamu adresátů mediawiki-announce. V této poštovní konferenci není nijak velký provoz. Odesílá pouze informace o nových verzích programů.

V souladu s životním cyklem jsou pro každou vydanou verzi k dispozici bezpečnostní aktualizace po dobu jednoho roku Starší verze mohou obsahovat známé, ale již neopravené bezpečnostní chyby.

Rovněž tak nezapomeňte udržovat aktualizovaný Apache, PHP, MySQL/MaritaDB a jakékoli další programy, které běží na Vašich serverech, operační systém a další webové aplikace.

Někteří uživatelé MediaWiki 1.3.x byli na podzim roku 2004 napadeni virem, jenž ke svému šíření využíval bezpečnostní chybu v phpBB. K přenosu si vyhledával stránky, jenž neměly nainstalován příslušný opravný patch. Následně v napadeném systému přidal do všech souborů s příponou .php, včetně šablon, které MediaWiki verze 1.3 používala správu ve znění: "Váš systém byl hackunut"



Dávejte si pozor na to, jaká rozšíření používáte
Pro MediaWiki je k dispozici celá řada rozšíření. Naneštěstí, tato rozšíření mají různou úroveň kvality. Použití špatně napsaných rozšíření spolu s MediaWiki je jednou z nejčastějších příčin bezpečnostních problémů.

Než se rozhodnete použít některé rozšíření, měli by jste si jej prověřit. Rozšíření vytvořené prominentními členy vývojářské komunity MediaWiki jsou obvykle docela bezpečná. Stejně tak, kterékoli rozšíření používané na wiki organizace Wikimedia Foundation bylo pravděpodobně pečlivě prozkoumáno a je tedy pravděpodobně bezpečné (Samozřejmě, nic není zaručeno na sto procent). Nicméně, pokud najdete nějaké rozšíření, které se povaluje na githubu, jehož se nikdo nedotkl mnoho let a bylo vyvinuto někým, kdo s vývojem aplikací pro web neměl velké zkušenosti, jedná se pravděpodobně o velké riziko.

Konec konců, při vyhodnocování toho, zda instalace nějakého rozšíření přináší bezpečnostní riziko, by jste měli přistupovat stejně, jako při instalaci jakéhokoli jiného kusu programového vybavení.

Rozšíření je také třeba udržovat aktualizovaná, stejně jako kterýkoli další kus software. Informace o bezpečnostních rizicích týkajících se rozšíření dodávaných spolu s MediaWiki lze najít v poštovní konferenci mediawiki-announce, dalším zdrojem bezpečnostních informací je poštovní konference mediawiki-l mailing list. Ovšem, existuje celá řada rozšíření, která neposkytují bezpečnostní informace ani v jedné z uvedených poštovních konferencí.



Přístupová práva
Další velmi důležitá věc, kterou byste měli udělat pro zabezpečení své instalace MediaWiki: Ujistěte se, že uživatel spouštějící php nemá přístup pro zápis do jakéhokoli souboru nebo adresáře přístupného z webu, na kterém je povoleno spouštět php.

On Debian-based systems this means the  user should not own the php files.

U unixových systémů to můžete zajistit tím, že adresář / soubory Mediawiki vlastní někdo jiný než uživatel vašeho webového serveru (www-data) nebo uživatel serveru mysql. V závislosti na tom, jak jste nainstalovali MediaWiki, to již může být případ, ale pokud ne, lze to provést provedením, kde uživatelské jméno je jiný uživatel než webový server nebo uživatel mysql (běžně byste použili své vlastní uživatelské jméno poskytnuté $ mysql a php neběží jako vaše uživatelské jméno). After doing that step, you may however need to change the owner of the image directory back to the php user, as uploaded files need to go there, so MediaWiki needs to be able to write there (e.g. ). Next you run  to remove write access from all other users besides the file owners. After doing that step you may need to re-enable write access to the images directory.

Directories that MediaWiki needs write access to (such as $wgCacheDirectory if that feature is enabled) should be located outside of the web root. The exception being the images directory, which must be in the web root. However, it is important to disable php in the images directory. The details on how to do this varies with webserver, but on apache it can sometimes be accomplished by using  in a .htaccess file. If you do accomplish this via a config file in the images directory itself, you should ensure the config file is not writable by the webserver. See the section below on upload security for more details.

Your LocalSettings.php file must be readable by the php user, however it should not be world readable, to prevent other processes from discovering your database password and other sensitive information. Like all MediaWiki files, the php user should not be able to write to LocalSettings.php.

Transport Layer Security (TLS, HTTPS)
To protect against firesheep style attacks and general privacy leaks, it is recommended to host your site using TLS (HTTPS). A guide for setting up TLS is out of the scope of this document, however it should be noted that this is much cheaper now that letsencrypt.org provides free certificates.

If you do setup TLS, it is important to test your site with ssllabs.com/ssltest/ to ensure that it is setup properly, as it is easy to accidentally misconfigure TLS.

If you enable TLS, you may also want to configure your webserver to send the  header. This will improve the security of your website against eavesdroppers quite a bit, but at the drawback that it means you cannot decide to stop using TLS for a set period of time.

General PHP recommendations

 *  Please refer to the OWASP PHP Security Cheat Sheet 

These bits of advice go for pretty much any PHP environment, and are not necessarily specific to MediaWiki.

PHP configuration recommendations, for or set otherwise:


 * Unless you require it specifically, disable.
 * Remote PHP code execution vulnerabilities may depend on being able to inject a URL into a  or  . If you don't require the use of remote file loading, turning this off can prevent attacks of this kind on vulnerable code.
 * MediaWiki may require this setting to be on for the Lucene search extension, the OAI harvester extension, the TitleBlacklist extension, and certain uses of Special:Import in 1.5. It should not however be required in a typical installation.
 * MediaWiki should be safe even if this is on; turning this off is a precaution against the possibility of unknown vulnerability.
 * Set  off.
 * If this is on, session IDs may be added to URLs sometimes if cookies aren't doing their thing. That can leak login session data to third-party sites through referrer data or cut-and-paste of links.
 * You should always turn this off if it's on.

For instance if you see this line in php.ini:

allow_url_fopen = On

Change it to:

allow_url_fopen = Off

Alternatively, you could add this apache directive to turn off allow_url_fopen on a per-directory basis:

php_flag allow_url_fopen off

Then restart Apache to reload the changes by  or   (SuSE).

On a multiuser system with PHP installed as an Apache module, all users' scripts will run under the same reduced-privilege user account. This may give other users access to read your configuration files (including database passwords), read and modify your login session data, or write files into your upload directory (if enabled).

For multiuser security, consider using a CGI/FastCGI configuration in which each user's scripts run under their own account.

General MySQL and MariaDB recommendations
In general, you should keep access to your MySQL or MariaDB database to a minimum. If it will only be used from the single machine it's running on, consider disabling networking support, or enabling local networking access only (via the loopback device, see below), so the server can only communicate with local clients over Unix domain sockets.

If it will be used over a network with a limited number of client machines, consider setting the IP firewall rules to accept access to TCP port 3306 (MySQL/MariaDB's port) only from those machines or only from your local subnet, and reject all accesses from the larger internet. This can help prevent accidentally opening access to your server due to some unknown flaw in the database server, a mistakenly set overly broad GRANT, or a leaked password.

If you create a new MySQL/MariaDB user for MediaWiki through MediaWiki's installer, somewhat liberal access is granted to it to ensure that it will work from a second server as well as a local one. You might consider manually narrowing this or establishing the user account yourself with custom permissions from just the places you need. The database user only needs to have SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE permissions for the database.

In particular, the FILE privilege is a common cause of security issues. You should ensure that the MySQL/MariaDB user does not have this privilege or any of the "server administration" privileges.

Note that the  table in MediaWiki's database contains hashed user passwords and may contain user email addresses, and should generally be considered private data.

Maintenance scripts
For the maintenance scripts, you might want to create a DB-admin-user with more rights. For this, set the following variables with the database credentials of that account:



See Manual:Maintenance scripts#Configuration for details on the needed MySQL/MariaDB rights.

Upgrade of MediaWiki
During upgrade, more MySQL/MariaDB rights might be needed.

More about MySQL and MariaDB

 * mysql command-line options.
 * Setting  in your my.ini (under section  ) will cause MySQL/MariaDB to only listen on the loopback interface. This is the default in the EasyPHP install for Windows. (If you are using MySQL/MariaDB on a Unix machine, the setting may be   instead in the my.cnf file.)
 * GRANT and REVOKE syntax

If the MySQL or MariaDB database has leaked
If the database has leaked to the public, in LocalSettings.php:


 * 1) Change  if that leaked too
 * 2) Change some letters in
 * 3) Reset the user_token column in your user table so that it can't be used to impersonate your users

If LocalSettings.php has leaked
If LocalSettings.php has leaked to the public, reprotect it and:


 * 1) Change
 * 2) Replace  with a different random string of letters and numbers
 * 3) Make a different  (optional)
 * 4) Reset the user_token column in your user table so that it can't be used to impersonate any users

Database passwords
See for some precautions you may wish to take to reduce the risk of MySQL/MariaDB passwords being presented to the web.

Alternate file layout
MediaWiki is designed to run in-place after being extracted from the distribution archive. This approach is convenient, but can result in reduced security or unnecessarily duplicated files.

You avoid duplicates in a mass installation or to keep sensitive files out of the web root for safety by manually relocating or consolidating various files.

Moving the main includes and skin files may require carefully picking and choosing and altering the  set in your. Experiment with this as desired.

If working to improve security, keep in mind that  uses the current directory as a base. This means that only setting your  may not help to improve the security of your installation.

Move sensitive information
Consider moving the database password or other potentially sensitive data from  to another file located outside of the web document root, and including that file from   (through  ). This can help to ensure that your database password will not be compromised if a web server configuration error disables PHP execution and reveals the file's source text.

Similarly, editing  with some text editors will leave a backup file in the same directory with an altered file extension, causing the copy to be served as plain text if someone requests, for example,. If you use such an editor, be sure to disable backup generation or move sensitive data outside the web root.

A MediaWiki debug logfile as it is used for debugging also contains sensitive data. Make sure to always disallow access for non authorized persons and the public as explained, delete remains of such logfiles when they are not needed, and comment or clear the logfile lines in your.

Set DocumentRoot to /dev/null
A more secure option for the Apache Web Server is to set the  to an empty or non-existent directory, and then use   directives in the Apache configuration to expose only the scripts and directories that need to be web-accessible.

Loader scripts
A PHP-only solution that will work with any web server is to write a series of scripts that explicitly  to a specific directory and then require one or more source files. For example:

User security
Anyone able to edit the user-interface system messages in the MediaWiki: namespace can introduce arbitrary HTML and JavaScript code into page output. This includes wiki users who have the editinterface permission, as well as anyone with direct write access to the text table in the database.

HTML is disabled on many system messages, particularly those displayed at the login screen, so the risk of password-snarfing JavaScript should be minimal. Malicious code could still attempt to exploit browser vulnerabilities (install spyware, etc.), though, so, you should make sure that only trusted people can modify system messages.

Upload security

 * See also:

The main concern is: How do we prevent users from uploading malicious files?

File uploads are an optional feature of MediaWiki and are disabled by default. If you enable them, you also need to provide a directory in the web root which is writable by the web server user.

This has several implications for security:

If at all possible, make the directory writable only by the web server's account, don't make the directory world-writable.
 * The directory may have to be world-writable, or else owned by the web server's limited user account. On a multiuser system it may be possible for other local users to slip malicious files into your upload directory (see multiuser notes above).
 * While PHP's configuration sets a file size limit on individual uploads, MediaWiki doesn't set any limit on total uploads. A malicious (or overzealous) visitor could fill up a disk partition by uploading a lot of files.
 * Generated thumbnails and uploaded files held for overwrite confirmation may be kept in images/thumb and images/tmp without visible notice in the MediaWiki web interface. Keep an eye on their sizes as well.

The default configuration makes an attempt to limit the types of files which can be uploaded for safety:

(It has been proposed to remove this check, see T309787).
 * By default, file extensions .png, .gif, .jpg, .jpeg and webp are white listed.
 * Various executable and script extensions are explicitly blacklisted even if you allow users to override the whitelist.
 * Several known image file extensions have their types verified using PHP's function.
 * Uploaded files are checked to see if they could trip file type detection bugs in Internet Explorer and Safari which might cause them to display as HTML.

As a precaution, you should explicitly disable server-side execution of PHP scripts (and any other scripting types you may have) in the uploads directory (by default, ). You should also instruct browsers to not "sniff" files by setting a  header.

For instance, an Apache .conf file fragment to do this if your MediaWiki instance is in /Library/MediaWiki/web might look something like:

If you don't have access to apache configuration files, but you can use .htaccess files to override configuration settings on specific directories, you can put an .htaccess file on the upload directory that looks like this:

Your exact configuration may vary. In particular, the use of options may complicate handling of uploads.

If you use any of the above solution, you can check whether it's really working with this simple test.


 * Create a 'test.php' file in the upload directory.
 * Put  in the file.
 * Visit the file path in a web browser. If you see just the text of the file you are good, otherwise something is wrong somewhere.

 Disable PHP solution for Nginx:  http://serverfault.com/a/585559/162909

For best security, you should also consider using a separate domain for uploaded files. For full security it is best to have uploads served from an entirely separate domain, not a subdomain, but even a subdomain will provide additional security. This is especially important if you allow uploading SVG files since that file format is so similar to HTML. MediaWiki checks SVG uploads for security, but it is best to have multiple layers of defense. See for configuring a different domain to serve media files.

External programs

 * may be executed for edit conflict merging.
 * If ImageMagick support for thumbnails or SVG images is enabled,  may be run on uploaded files.
 * If enabled, Math extension will call  executable, which calls ,  , and   (which calls  ).