User:Mine0901/sandbox

Zotero translators
Zotero translators are scripts written in Javascript to parse web pages into citations. They can be written for journal articles, manuscripts, blog posts, newspaper articles, etc. A feature of Zotero, an open-source software for reference management, a translator can be created for any specific site and then submitted to the Zotero repository of translators. You can see a list of all Zotero translators at https://github.com/zotero/translators.

Creating Zotero translators
The citoid service relies on the Zotero community for much of the "magic". We use Zotero translators to convert a page link into detailed information, and these translators need to be written for each site. Currently, the support is the best for English language sources, and we need your help to improve coverage of other sites. All translators share a similar structure, are short pieces of code and hence easy to create. Translators often work both in the browser and translation-server. They can be written for various browser support, namely, Firefox, Chrome, Safari, Internet Explorer. For citoid's use, it is required for any new translator to work in translation-server.

Required software
To make the process of creating a translator easier, we will download a few free programs as listed below.

Install Zotero
Zotero has several ways to be downloaded - Zotero add-on for Firefox, Zotero standalone, Zotero Bookmarklet and Zotero for portable Firefox. For the purpose of writing a translator, it is the best suited to install the Firefox add-on. Follow the steps given below for the installation-
 * 1) Go to the download page to get Zotero.
 * 2) Choose the Install Zotero for Firefox option.
 * 3) If Firefox prevents the installation, choose the "Allow" option.
 * 4) After the add-on is downloaded and verified, click on Install.
 * 5) Restart Firefox to apply the changes. You will now be able to see Zotero's icon, that is a 'Z', in the toolbar of Firefox.

Install Scaffold
Scaffold is an integrated development environment for creating Zotero translators. It makes it easy to write and debug a translator. You can also add test cases for a translator very conveniently using Scaffold. Scaffold is a Firefox add-on, in case you don't have Firefox in your system, get it from the Mozilla site (Explain the type of translators above and add which all are supported by Scaffold here). Follow the steps given below to install Scaffold-
 * 1) Open this link to get Scaffold in your Firefox browser.
 * 2) Double click the XPI file (Extension Archive file) to download the software.
 * 3) If Firefox prevents the installation, choose the "Allow" option.
 * 4) After the add-on is downloaded and verified, click on Install.
 * 5) Restart Firefox to apply the changes. You can now access Scaffold from the Tools.

Install Firebug
For writing translator, XPaths are used to extract information from HTML or XML. Firebug is an extension for Firefox that we can be used to analyze any website's source code and create XPaths. Firebug is no longer maintained and is deprecated in favor of Firefox DevTools but the Firefox DevTools doesn't have this feature yet. For this reason, you can install Firebug or any other XPath tools. Follow the steps given below to install Firebug-
 * 1) Open this link to get this add-on.
 * 2) Double click on the button that says "+ Add to Firefox".
 * 3) After the add-on is downloaded and verified, click on Install.
 * 4) Restart Firefox to apply the changes. You will now be able to inspect web pages with Firebug.

Required Concepts
There are a few concepts that you should know that will help you in creating translators. These concepts are discussed briefly.

HyperText Markup Language
Knowing the basics of HTML is crucial as it makes it easy for you to understand the source code of the web page you want to write a translator for. The good point is it is very easy to read and understand. HTML is a language for creating web pages and applications and along with CSS and JavaScript form the foundation of webpages all over the internet. HTML contains tags that group content. Tags can form markup elements which have an opening <> and the closing tag  or empty elements, which have only the opening tag<>. Tags can also have attributes which help in identifying elements, styling them, etc. Web browsers can then process HTML documents and present it to the user.



Document Object Model
DOM is a language-independent interface that structures a web page into a tree-like pattern. It recognizes parts of a document as nodes and organizes them into a hierarchical structure. For example, consider a section of an HTML document below and representation of its DOM:

XML Path Language
The primary purpose of XPath is to address parts of an XML document. Through DOM, we know how to get a well-defined unique path from the root node to any node in the document. We need to put this chain of nodes forming a path in a format that JavaScript can understand. TO understand hoe Xpaths are used in writing translators, consider the following example. To make this XPath short and not prone to any failure, we can make some changes. For that, we will go through the building blocks of XPaths
 * 1) Open Citoid documentation in a new window of Firefox.
 * 2) Open firebug by pressing Ctrl+Shift+C.
 * 3) Inspect the title of the page, that is, "citoid" through the inspect element feature.
 * 4) Right-click and choose the option "Copy XPath".
 * 5) The XPath for the title is /html/body/div[3]/h1
 * 1) HTML elements - For the above generated XPath /html/body/div[3]/h1 html, body, h1 and div are html elements.
 * 2) Delimiter (// and /) - All XPaths starting from the root node have the backslash '/' as their first character. Each node occurring in the XPath starts with a backslash, or we can say all nodes are separated by a backslash. For two XPaths, /html/body/h1/p and /html/body/h2, we can see that /html/body is the common path. We can go ahead and remove this common subpath from the XPaths and convert them into //h1/p and //h1, respectively.
 * 3) Node specifiers -  [3] in /html/body/div[3]/h1 is the node specifier. It tells that we need the third div node after we have traveled down the nodes html and body. The order of the nodes in the source code matters.
 * 4) Attributes - We can identify nodes by their attributes defined inside the opening tags. We can change /html/body/div[3]/h1 to simply //h1[@class="firstHeading"].

JavaScript
JavaScript is a programming language used in web browsers, servers, game development, databases, etc. Zotero translators are primarily JS files that have above-mentioned concepts in action. You need to have a clear idea of the following concepts of JS before starting to write a translator.
 * 1) Variables
 * 2) Statements
 * 3) Loops
 * 4) Methods
 * 5) Functions

detectWeb
detectWeb function is used to classify the type of data on a web page. It should return one of the item types defined by Zotero. Once a web page falls in a category, its retrieval can then be carried out. There is a wide list of available item types. You can view it here. Each item has relevant fields which can hold data. A book item type has fields like title, publisher, ISBN, author, edition, number of pages, etc.

For example, the search pages that return more than one entry, one can use the item type "multiple". For an article on Wikipedia, we can use "encyclopediaArticle". (Move this code to the workingexample section, else it will be redundant)

doWeb
doWeb is a function that initiates the retrieval of data. This function is generally written such that if a page has multiple items, it calls getSearchResults (explained below) and provide the user a pop-up window to select which all items to save and if the page has a singleton entry, then it calls scrape (explained below) to save the item information.

getSearchResults
This function contains the logic to collect multiple items. Each item is stored as a key-value pair. Generally the href ( hypertext reference) of the item is chosen to be the key and the title of the item is chosen to be the value. Once the set of all items is ready, it is returned to the doWeb function.

scrape
scrape function is called to save a single item. It is the most interesting function to code in a translator. We first create a new item as returned by detectWeb and then store the metadata in the relevant fields of that item. Along with the metadata, attachments can be saved for an item. These attachments become available even when one is offline.

Working example
Let us now see how everything we learned comes into play. We will build a translator for mediawiki.org and see how to get it live in production. ''ToDo : For the working example, include images of output in Scaffold for each code block. For installation section, add screenshots.''
 * 1) Open mediawiki.org in a new window. You can open the web page you want to translate in a new tab but for Scaffold to detect the source, you will need to keep switching between tabs. So it is convenient to use another window to keep the web page as the active tab.
 * 2) From the menu bar of Firefox, through the Tools dropdown, open Scaffold.
 * 3) It has six buttons on top, to load an existing translator, to save the current translator, to rundetectWeb, doWeb, detectImport and doImport.
 * 4) In the Metadata tab,