Accessibility guide for developers/ja

アクセシビリティは利用者にとって重要であり、いくつかの基本的なアイデアと規則を考慮に入れると、アクセシビリティを向上できます. 実際に一貫してすべての利用者に対して機能するような、固定されていて広く受け入れられている技術標準がない限り、アクセシビリティは困難です. このページでは、MediaWiki の特定のアクセシビリティの問題点を列挙したり説明したりしていません. アクセシビリティの問題点を防ぐために、技術の選択とすべきこととすべきでないことに焦点を当てようとします.

開発に関しては、これが我々のルールブックになるはずだと思います:


 * 利用者全員 (つまりすべての人々) が使用できるようにするよう試みます
 * 可能であればアクセシビリティの問題を回避するよう努力しますが、何が何でもというわけではありません
 * プログレッシブ エンハンスメントのアプローチを、フォールト トレラントシステムのアプローチよりも使用する必要があります.
 * 技術的に健全なものを実装します



アクセシビリティの動作の仕組み
覚えておくべきいくつかの重要な概念があります.



さまざまな形でのアクセシビリティ対策
アクセシビリティはさまざまなものが対象です. 以下の点を考慮してください:


 * 何かが理解可能である必要があります. つまり、テキスト、視覚的、論理的、複雑性の観点から理解できることが求められます.
 * 一部の利用者はスクリーン リーダーを使用して操作する必要がありますが、それ以上に一般的なのは、ルーペ、高コントラスト、テキスト読み上げエンジン、カスタム CSS 設定、特殊なキーボード/入力デバイスです.
 * 到達可能である必要があります. 反応性、価格、場所、言語、ハードウェアなどが該当します.

要約すると、アクセシビリティはキーボード アクセシビリティやスクリーンリーダー アクセシビリティだけではありません. これら 2 つにフォーカスするのは、従来見落とされがちであったためです. しかし、これらの問題も解決可能であり、しばしば他の種類の改善の基盤となります.

アクセシビリティに関する問題の中には、製品のデザイン、戦略的な選択、ターゲットオーディエンスなどの問題がある場合があります. これらの領域は、MediaWiki エコシステム全体に普遍的に適用されるルールとして書き下ろすことが難しいため、この文書の範囲外です.



キーボード ナビゲーション
We call this keyboard navigation, but what it really means is: Don't rely on a pointer device (touch, mouse).


 * Keyboard navigation is about manipulating the focus and executing actions with your keyboard.
 * Elements that are tab-able are focus-able, but not everything that is focus-able is tab-able.
 * Everything you are able to do with a mouse should be possible to do with a keyboard.
 * Keyboard navigation information can be used by screen readers to enhance their experience.



スクリーン リーダー

 * A screen reader uses a different 'cursor', which usually walks the logical structure of the DOM.
 * The focus tends to follow the screen reader cursor and vice versa, but they are not the same
 * You can keep track of the focused element by setting a live expression in Chrome
 * A screen reader uses the 'accessibility' APIs, which you could consider to be an input/output 'view' on top of the normal DOM.
 * ARIA are DOM annotations that enhance or manipulate how the DOM logic is transformed into the accessibility APIs. It is not an alternative to writing proper HTML and JavaScript. Keyboard navigation is simply achieved by logical DOM orderǃ For more on ARIA see w3.org explanation and MDN explanation.
 * A screen reader is not limited to navigating by the logical DOM structure, it's just the default.
 * A screen reader can read what is under the mouse pointer for instance
 * VoiceOver for iOS uses a screen cursor that is manipulated by thumb positioning and gestures on the touch screen.
 * Most screen reader software has additional navigation modes, where you can list and navigate by landmark areas, an auto-generated Table of Contents, or even user defined 'bookmarks' inside a page.
 * From the above point of multiple navigation methods, follows: There is a beginning and an end, but also left, right, top and bottom. You should not rely on these in your communication too much, but you don't need to fully deny their existence either. Do not confuse the visual capabilities of the user with spatial awareness that the screen reader might be able to convey to the user. 例:
 * a long sentence [image] the above image shows...
 * a long sentence [image][image] the left image shows, the right image shows...
 * a long sentence [image][image] the right image shows, the left image shows...
 * a long sentence [image][image] the above image shows...
 * a long sentence [image][image][image] the left image shows, the right image shows...
 * a long sentence [image][image] something totally different. the left image shows, the right image shows...



開発の指針
There are several standards around accessibility and honestly, almost all of them, although sound on identifying issues, still have significant problems when it comes to technical solutions (They have a high ratio of 'ugly workarounds'). This has been cause of much controversy in the communities. As such, we should identify uncontroversial stuff that we should simply always (or never) do and why. It's much easier to reach certain goals if we separate the uncontroversial stuff from the controversial stuff.

Do use or provide always

 * Proper semantic HTML element
 * Use HTML elements for their intended purpose. 例:
 * Use and not  or  or  with a click handler
 * If you feel the need to bold something, consider if it is not more appropriate to use a header or a  element


 * Logical heading structure
 * All pages should always have a logical and consistent heading structure. Headings are one of the primary navigation tools used by screen reader users.
 * There should be no gaps in the nesting of the heading levels. (So no H2->H4.)
 * Headings should be descriptive
 * Headings should be unique within their own level. (There should not be two H3s with the same content under the same H2 section)
 * There should be separation between navigation and content


 * attribute for images with meaningful values
 * If an image is decorative, use an explicit empty value for the alt attribute; even better, turn it into a CSS background image.
 * the image alt usually takes precedence over the title attribute of images and even over the title attribute of links that wrap an image.


 * attribute for links
 * These are usually shown as the tooltips
 * Only use titles if they differ from the link text.
 * Most link titles are not actually spoken by screen readers, unless the reader has been explicitly configured this way.


 * ,  and   attributes
 * Using  and   enables selecting a proper voice in screen readers, picks the right spelling correction in browsers etc.


 * Sufficient contrast
 * Always check your colors for sufficient contrast. For text, a higher contrast is needed for smaller text (due to anti-aliasing).


 * Focus for keyboard navigation
 * Do not remove outline from focusable elements unless you define your own outline for the  state.
 * Don't use  otherwise.
 * If you define any pseudo class, like  or , please also define a   style.


 * Keyboard navigation
 * Interactive elements of a page should be navigable by keyboard. Please make sure tab key navigation is enabled in your browser and allows you to control each interactive element without making use of a pointing device.
 * Use  to make elements keyboard accessible, which are not keyboard accessible implicitly (Anything but, , , , , , ).
 * In this case also add a keydown handler responding to Enter (keyCode 13) and space (keyCode 32).
 * Use  to remove elements from accessibility. (use this on links that are labels for the action inside an  for instance)
 * Elements that are implicitly keyboard accessible will forward enter/space keydown to the click handler


 * Dialogs etc.

When not taking good care of accessibility, dialogs are some of the most inaccessible elements for screen reader and keyboard users. Spend some time on this.


 * The element that opens the dialog should have
 * The dialog itself should have
 * When opening the dialog, remember last focused element and shift focus to the first focusable tabbable element inside the dialog
 * When the dialog is modal, make it impossible to interact with the rest of the page
 * Capture clicks outside the dialog and ignore them or let them dismiss the dialog
 * Make sure you cannot tab to links or input elements outside of dialog
 * Make elements outside of the dialog unreachable for screen reader, by using aria-hidden
 * Make sure there is a close mode (Esc key and a focusable close button with a descriptive title)
 * Closing should return the (keyboard) focus to the original focus point that you stored when you opened the dialog. For screen readers to return to the same point, be sure to specify the right owner of the dialog, if you have not inserted the dialog in DOM order.
 * Read up: Aria modals, Aria modal dialog, ARIA nonmodal dialog, ARIA tooltips.
 * Read up: Aria modals, Aria modal dialog, ARIA nonmodal dialog, ARIA tooltips.


 * WCAG 2.1 guidelines
 * Follow wherever possible
 * And its accompanying documents:
 * A guide to understanding and implementing Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0
 * WCAG 2.1 supplement
 * Techniques and Failures for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0
 * WCAG 2.1 supplement

Don't

 * There is common advice to use  to push something (often the labels of icon buttons) out of the viewport for visual users and still have it in the accessibility DOM.  is variant of this. This is BAD advice.
 * This breaks our RTL rendering in several browsers. Specifically in rtl mode it creates a large canvas left of the viewport and scrollbars, much as +1000px would create in ltr mode. ( If needed,  is preferred over   to avoid this ).
 * VoiceOver on mobile is unable to use this text as a fallback, since it is a 'positional' screen reader. You cannot move your finger over this text and thus the text will not be read either. (aria-label is often the better choice).
 * Lastly, this enlarges the render surface needed to calculate the final webpage and this can impact performance on mobile devices.
 * Insightful overview of 'hide text offscreen' tricks are given by Jonathan Snook.
 * Things should not be repeated often. If you have a 100 links on a page that can open a dialog, then don't add 100 labels to those 100 links telling the user that it can be used to open a dialog. Telling a user how to use/what to do with the interface is a good thing, doing it consistently is simply annoying. Find a different way to explain it once (an  might be an idea in this case ?).
 * with an onclick handler. VO reads such JS as "internal link Hide". Use a proper button, or, with 'Space' and 'Enter' key handlers in the onclick. But no href attribute.
 * Do not nest interactive functionality inside another interactive element (links or buttons inside links). This confuses screen readers.

Avoid

 * Unicode symbols
 * Most assistive technologies are not good with symbols. Therefore, try to avoid characters such as ↑, →‎ or more complex characters, because many screen reader won't understand them. If they are required, try to wrap with a span element with the title attribute, so that the title attribute can communicate the implicit meaning within the context to the reader.


 * Small fonts
 * Legibility is preferred. If you make something so small that it is hard to read, do you even need it to begin with? Also avoid small fonts with low or mediocre contrast values (even if they fall inside the WCAG guidelines, small sizes require more explicit contrast then large sizes, especially with anti aliasing enabled).


 * Unusually large fonts
 * If you make text much larger than normal, it can become similarly hard to read (unless it's very short). This applies mostly to body text, or anything that takes up more than a couple lines. But the larger the text is, the more lines it will take up.


 * tabIndex > 0
 * DOM order is preferred wherever possible. DOM order provides context for the actions.


 * Workaround
 * Traditionally, accomplishing 'full' accessibility has required a lot of workarounds for html itself, the browsers and even specific screenreader software. However these workarounds often come with side effects, make use of bugs or unspecified behavior and inevitably create technical debt.
 * MediaWiki, because of the users it seeks to serve, the amount of code, it's (lack) of funding, etc tends to prefer future proof code over code that easily breaks. As such it generally avoids workarounds even if that might sometimes limit the accessibility we can deliver. Decisions on this are often influenced by the relative audience of the feature in MediaWiki. If something is ubiquitous for all users a workaround is more warrented than if the feature affected is only used by a tiny part of the audience (for instance, reading a page vs modifying the configuration of the installation).

Consider

 * ARIA Roles
 * If a div or span behaves like an actual button use . also   and
 * Be careful with roles. For instance, don't add  to a  element, since the  element has an implicit , which will be overwritten. Instead use nested elements. Similarly for  which has an implicit
 * If a button creates a popupdialog, use.
 * Use  for contexts where this is not fully logical by itself (so everywhere except for labels in forms and headers in tables).
 * Avoid tables for layout purposes and test on smaller screen widths.
 * hide stuff: https://www.tpgi.com/html5-accessibility-chops-hidden-and-aria-hidden/
 * skip/jump to links



関連項目

 * Wikimedia Design Style Guide: Accessibility principles
 * Open bugs and feature requests related to the accessibility in MediaWiki and other Wikimedia software
 * W3C Web Accessibility Initiative: Tips for Getting Started
 * W3C Web Accessibility Initiative: Web Accessibility Evaluation Tools List
 * Firefox Developer Tools: Accessibility Inspector
 * Chrome Developer Tools: Accessibility features
 * Accessibility and usability cleanup
 * Blogposts
 * Steps Towards an Accessible Web Form
 * Understanding WCAG Level
 * Software
 * WAVE, a Web accessibility evaluation tool
 * Accessibility simulation on MediaWiki. Experience a page as a color blind person would experience it.
 * https://www.deque.com/axe/ browser extension for accessibility auditing a page
 * https://www.powermapper.com/products/sortsite/checks/accessibility-checks/ webapp for accessibility auditing. See also https://www.powermapper.com/tests/
 * University of Cambridge - Impairment simulator software (Microsoft Windows only)
 * Guides by 3rd parties
 * Designing accessible services by UK Home Office
 * Inclusive Design by Microsoft