Help:CirrusSearch/hi

विकिमीडिया परियोजनाओं पर जानकारी प्राप्त करने का सबसे त्वरित तरीका है उसे खोजना। हर पृष्ठ पर एक  वाला बॉक्स होता है।

CirrusSearch एक मीडियाविकि एक्सटेंशन है जो Elasticsearch की मदद से डिफ़ॉल्ट मीडियाविकि खोज पर कुछ अतिरिक्त सुविधाएँ जोड़ता है। विकिमीडिया संस्थान पर सभी विकिमीडिया परियोजनाओं पर CirrusSearch का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है। यह पृष्ठ CirrusSearch की सुविधाओं को दर्शाता है। अगर आपके सवाल का जवाब इस पृष्ठ पर नहीं मिलता है, वार्ता पृष्ठ पर ज़रूर पूछें और कोई-न-कोई आपको जवाब दे देगा।

मीडियाविकि एक्सटेंशन पर अधिक जानकारी के लिए देखें।

विकिडेटा पर इसके प्रयोग के लिए देखें।



यह कैसे काम करता है
कीवर्ड्स और वाक्यांश डालकर अपने कीबोर्ड पर 'Enter' या 'Return' दबाएँ या फिर आवर्धक ग्लास आईकॉन, "खोजें", या "जाएँ" बटन पर क्लिक करें।

अगर किसी पृष्ठ के पास वह शीर्षक है जो आपने दर्ज किया, आपको उस पृष्ठ पर सीधे ले जाया जाएगा। वरना यह विकि पर सभी पृष्ठों को ढूँढ़ता है, और उन लेखों की एक सूची प्रदान करता है जो आपके खोज शब्दों के साथ मेल खाते हों, या फिर आपको एक संदेश दिखाया जाएगा कि सभी कीवर्ड्स और वाक्यांश किसी भी पृष्ठ पर पाए नहीं जा सकते।

अगर आप कुछ भी खोजे बिना "" बटन पर क्लिक करते हैं, आपको "Special:Search" पर ला जाया जाएगा जहाँ पर आपको खोजने के लिए अतिरिक्त विकल्प मिलेंगे (जो खोज परिणामों की सूची से भी उपलब्ध है)

शायद आप किसी विशिष्ट नामस्थान के अंदर अपने खोज को सीमित करना चाहें, जैसे सिर्फ     पृष्ठों के बीच खोजना। इस खोज के लिए अपने मनचाहे नामस्थानों को चुन लें।



क्या सुधार हुआ है?
CirrusSearch डिफ़ॉल्ट मीडियाविकि खोज पर तीन सुधार जोड़ता है, जो हैं:


 * कई भाषाओं में खोज के लिए बेहतर समर्थन।
 * खोज इनडेक्स पर अधिक संख्या में अपडेट, यानी लेखों पर बदलाव खोज परिणामों पर कुछ ही समय में प्रभाव डालने लगते हैं।
 * विस्तृत साँचें, यानी कि साँचों के अंदर की सामग्री को भी खोज परिणामों में दाखिल किया जाता है।



खोज इनडेक्स कितनी बार अपडेट किया जाता है?
दो प्राथमिक खोज इण्डेक्स हैं:

पहला है पूर्ण-टेक्स्ट खोज, Special:Search पर। इस इण्डेक्स को करीब लाइव ही अपडेट किया जाता है। खोज परिणामों पर पृष्ठ के बदलाव कुछ मिनट बाद नज़र आएँगे, मगर 30 मिनट को इसका साधारण समय माना गया है। साँचों पर बदलाव करने पर साँचे का इस्तेमाल कर रहे लेखों पर कुछ ही मिनटों से कुछ घंटों में बदलाव दिखने लगेंगे, जो कि इस बात पर निर्भर है कि कितने पृष्ठ साँचे का इस्तेमाल कर रहे हैं। लेख पर एक रिक्त सम्पादन करने पर बदलाव को ज़बरदस्ती आगे बढ़ा दिया जाएगा लेकिन अगर सब कुछ ठीक से काम कर रहा हो तो इसकी ज़रूरत नहीं।

दूसरा इण्डेक्स है फ़ज़ी स्वतः पूर्णकृत शीर्षक खोज। यह इण्डेक्स दिन में एक बार अपडेट किया जाता है और इण्डेक्स के अपडेट किए जाने के दौरान पूर्ण-टेक्स्ट खोज इण्डेक्स में क्या मिला था, उसका एक दर्पण बना लेता है। समय के आधार पर किसी नए पृष्ठ को फ़ज़ी शीर्षक स्वतः पूर्णकरण तक पहुँचने में दो दिन तक लग सकते हैं। अगर यह किसी विशिष्ट कार्य के लिए अस्वीकार्य है, सदस्य खोज विकल्पों में शीर्षक स्वतः पूर्णकरण को क्लासिक उपसर्ग खोज में बदल दिया जा सकता है जो पूर्ण-टेक्स्ट खोज इण्डेक्स का इस्तेमाल करता है।



खोज सुझाव
खोज बॉक्स में लिखने पर दिखने वाले खोज परिणामों को लेखों की गुणवत्ता के एक औसत नाप से छाँटा जाता है। यह देखता है कि कितनी विकिकड़ियाँ उस पृष्ठ से जुड़ी हैं, उस पृष्ठ पर कितनी बाहरी कड़ियाँ हैं, कितने हैडिंग्स हैं, और कितने अनुप्रेषण हैं।

खोज सुझावों को नकारकर सीधे खोज परिणाम पृष्ठ पर जाना संभव है। क्वेरी से पहले एक टिल्ड  जोड़ दें। जैसे "~Frida Kahlo"। खोज सुझाव फिर भी नज़र आएँगे, मगर Enter कुँजी दबाने पर आपको खोज परिणामों के पृष्ठ पर ले जाया जाएगा।

एक्सेंट/विशेषक कुछ भाषाओं के लिए सक्षम हैं; विस्तार भाषा पर निर्भर है।

The algorithm used to rank suggestions is described in more detail at Extension:CirrusSearch/CompletionSuggester.



पूर्ण-टेक्स्ट खोज
एक "पूर्ण-टेक्स्ट खोज" एक "इण्डेक्स किया गया खोज" है। सभी पृष्ठों को विकि डेटाबेस पर रखा जाता है, और गैर-अनुप्रेषण पृष्ठों पर सभी शब्द खोज डेटाबेस में रखे जाते हैं, जो कि विकि के पूरे टेक्स्ट का एक इण्डेक्स-सा है। हर दृश्य शब्द को पृष्ठों को उस सूची में इण्डेक्स कर लिया जाता है जहाँ इसे पाया गया था, तो किसी शब्द के लिए खोजना उतना ही तेज़ है जितना किसी एक रिकॉर्ड को ढूँढ़ना। इसके अलावा, शब्दों में किसी बदलाव के मामले में खोज इण्डेक्स को कुछ ही सेकंड में अपडेट कर लिया जाता है।

विकि के "पूरे टेक्स्ट" के कई इण्डेक्स हैं जिनसे अलग-अलग प्रकार के खोज किए जा सकते हैं। पूरे विकिटेक्स्ट को कई बार कई सारे विशेष-उद्देश्य इण्डेक्सों में इण्डेक्स किया जाता है, जिनमें से हर इण्डेक्स विकिटेक्स्ट को इस तरह से पार्स करता है कि उसके इस्तेमाल को ऑप्टिमाइज़ किया जा सके। उदाहरण के कुछ इण्डेक्स हैं:


 * "auxiliary" text, includes hatnotes, captions, ToC, and any wikitext classed by an HTML attribute class=searchaux.
 * "Lead-in" text is the wikitext between the top of the page and the first heading.
 * The "category" text indexes the listings at the bottom.
 * Templates are indexed. If the transcluded words of a template change, then all the pages that transclude it are updated. (This can take a long time depending on a job queue.) If the subtemplates used by a template change, the index is updated.
 * Document contents that are stored in the File/Media namespace are now indexed. Thousands of formats are recognized.

There is support for dozens of languages, but all languages are wanted. There is a list of currently supported languages at elasticsearch.org; see their documentation on contributing to submit requests or patches. Third-party open-source libraries are also used to support additional languages not covered by Elasticsearch.

CirrusSearch will optimize your query, and run it. The resulting titles are weighted by relevance, and heavily post-processed, 20 at a time, for the search results page. For example snippets are garnered from the article, and search terms are highlighted in bold text.

Search results will often be accompanied by various preliminary reports. These include Did you mean (spelling correction), and, when no results would otherwise be found it will say Showing results for (query correction) and search instead for (your query).

Search features also include:


 * Sorting navigation suggestions by the number of incoming links.
 * Starting with the tilde character  to disable navigation and suggestions in such a way that also preserves page ranking.
 * Smart-matching characters by normalizing (or "folding") non-keyboard characters into keyboard characters.
 * Words and phrases that match are highlighted in bold on the search results page. The highlighter is a cosmetic analyzer, while the search-indexing analyzer actually finds the page, and these may not be 100% in sync, especially for regex. The highlighter can match more or less accurately than the indexer.



शब्द, वाक्यांश और संशोधक
खोज का एक बुनियादी शब्द है कोई साधारण शब्द या फिर "उद्धरणों चिह्नों में कोई वाक्यांश"। विस्तार भाषा पर निर्भर है, खासकर कि बिना रिक्त स्थानों वाली भाषाओं में, जहाँ एक "शब्द" का मतलब होता है:


 * अंकों का एक स्ट्रिंग
 * अक्षरों का एक स्ट्रिंग
 * अक्षर/अंक बदलावों के बीच उप-शब्द, जैसे txt2regex में
 * एक compoundName के अंदर camelCase में उप-शब्द

एक "थाम शब्द" वह शब्द है जो अनदेखा कर दिया जाता है (क्योंकि शायद यह काफ़ी साधारण हो, या फिर दूसरे कारणों से)। थाम शब्दों की सूची भाषा पर निर्भर है और सभी भाषाओं पर थाम शब्द समर्थित नहीं हैं। हर खोज शब्द का मिलान सामग्री के साथ किया जाता है (जो पृष्ठ पर रेंडर होता है)। विकिटेक्स्ट के साथ मिलान करने के लिए insource खोज पैरामीटर का इस्तेमाल करें (नीचे अनुभाग देखें)। हर खोज पैरामीटर का अपना इनडेक्स है, और यह अपने दिए हुए शब्द अपने तरीके से विवेचन करता है।

शब्दों, वाक्यांशों, पैरामीटरों, और पैरामीटरों के इनपुट के बीच वाइटस्पेस या ग्रेस्पेस अक्षर हो सकते हैं। "ग्रेस्पेस अक्षर" गैर-अक्षरांकीय अक्षर ~!@#$%^&_+-={}|[]\:";'<>?,./ हैं। ग्रोस्पेस अक्षरों और वाइटस्पेस अक्षरों के मिश्रित स्ट्रिंग को "ग्रेस्पेस" कहा जाता है और इसे एक ही शब्द माना जाता है। ग्रेस्पेस से इनडेक्स बनाए जाते हैं और क्वेरीज़ का विवेचन किया जाता है।

Two exceptions are where 1) an embedded:colon is one word (it being treated as a letter), and 2) an embedded comma, such as in 1,2,3 , is treated as a number. Greyspace characters are otherwise ignored unless, due to query syntax, they can be interpreted as modifier characters.

The modifiers are ~ * \? - " ! . Depending on their placement in the syntax they can apply to a term, a parameter, or to an entire query. Word and phrase modifiers are the wildcard, proximity, and fuzzy searches. Each parameter can have their own modifiers, but in general:


 * A fuzzy-word or fuzzy-phrase search can suffix a tilde  character (and a number telling the degree).
 * A tilde  character prefixed to the first term of a query guarantees search results instead of any possible navigation.
 * A wildcard character inside a word can be an (escaped) question mark \? for one character or an asterisk * character for zero or more characters.
 * Truth-logic can interpret AND and OR, but parameters cannot. Note that the AND and OR operators currently do not function in the traditional truth-logic manner! For details see more on logical operators.
 * Truth-logic understands - or ! prefixed to a term to invert the usual meaning of the term from "match" to "exclude".


 * Quotes around words mark an "exact phrase" search. For parameters they are also needed to delimit multi-word input.
 * Stemming is automatic but can be turned off using an "exact phrase".

A phrase search can be initiated by various hints to the search engine. Each method of hinting has a side-effect of how tolerant the matching of the word sequence will be. For greyspace, camelCase, or txt2number hints:


 * given words-joined_by_greyspace(characters) or wordsJoinedByCamelCaseCharacters it finds words joined by ... characters, in their bare forms or greyspace forms.
 * txt2number will match  or.
 * Stop words are enabled for the edge cases (in the periphery) of a grey_space or camelCase phrase. An example using the, of , and a is that the_invisible_hand_of_a matches  within the text.

A "search instead" report is triggered when a universally unknown word is ignored in a phrase.

Each one of the following types of phrase-matching contains and widens the match-tolerances of the previous one:

Note that CamelCase matching is not enabled for all languages.
 * An "exact phrase" "in quotes" will tolerate (match with) greyspace. Given "exact_phrase" or "exact phrase" it matches.
 * A greyspace_phrase initiates stemming and stop word checks.
 * Given CamelCase it will additionally match, in all lowercase, because CirrusSearch is not case sensitive in matching.

Some parameters interpret greyspace phrases, but other parameters, like  only interpret the usual "phrase in quotes".

Note that all stemming is case insensitive.

Note how the "exact phrase" search interpreted the embedded:colon character as a letter, but not the embedded_underscore character. A similar event occurs with the comma, character inside a number.

Given, CirrusSearch, when in an "exact phrase" context, (which includes the insource parameter context), will not match  ,  , or  , but will then only match.

वरना, याद रखें कि CirrusSearch पर शब्दों का मतलब है अक्षर, अंक, या फिर दोनों का मिश्रण, और यह छोटे या बड़े अक्षरों में भेद नहीं करता।

The common word search employs the space character and is aggressive with stemming, and when the same words are joined by greyspace characters or camelCase they are aggressive with phrases and subwords.

When common words like "of" or "the" are included in a greyspace-phrase, they are ignored, so as to match more aggressively.

A greyspace_phrase search term, or a camelCase, or a txt2number term, match the signified words interchangeably. You can use any of those three forms. Now camelcase matches camelCase because Search is not case sensitive, but camelCase matches camelcase because camelCase is more aggressive. Like the rest of Search, subword "words" are not case-sensitive. By comparison the "exact phrase" is greyspace oriented and ignores numeric or letter-case transitions, and stemming. "Quoted phrases" are not case sensitive.

From the table we can surmise that the basic search parser_function -"parser function" is the sum of the basic searches  and.

Making inquiries with numbers, we would find that:


 * Plan9 or Plan_9 matches any of:,  ,  ,  ,
 * "plan9" only matches  (case insensitive)
 * Plan*9 matches  or.

The star * wildcard matches a string of letters and digits within a rendered word, but never the beginning character. One or more characters must precede the * character.


 * When * matches numbers, a comma is considered part of one number, but the decimal point is considered a greyspace character, and will delimit two numbers.
 * Inside an "exact phrase" * is treated as a greyspace character and not a wild card character, so it delimits words.

The \? wildcard represents one letter or number; *\? is also accepted, but \?* is not recognized.

The wildcards are for basic word, phrase, and insource searches, and may also be an alternative to (some) advanced regex searches (covered later).

Putting a tilde ~ character after a word or phrase activates a fuzzy search.


 * For a phrase it is termed a proximity search, because proximal words are tolerated to an approximate rather than exact phrase.
 * For example, "exact one two phrase"~2 matches.
 * For a word it means extra characters or changed characters.
 * For a phrase a fuzzy search requires a whole number telling it how many extra words to fit in, but for a word a fuzzy search can have a decimal fraction, defaulting to word~0.5 ( word~.5 ), where at most two letters can be found swapped, changed, or added, but never the first two letters.
 * For a proximity phrase, a large number can be used, but that is an "expensive" (slow) search.
 * For a word word~2 is most fuzzy with an edit distance of 2 (default), and word~1 is least fuzzy, and word~0 is not fuzzy at all.

For the closeness value necessary to match in reverse (right to left) order, count and discard all the extra words, then add twice the total count of remaining words minus one. (In other words, add twice the number of segments). For the full proximity algorithm, see Elasticsearch slop.

Quotes turn off stemming, "but appending"~ the tilde reactivates the stemming.

Insource
Insource searches can be used to find any one word rendered on a page, but it's made for finding any phrase you might find - including MediaWiki markup (aka wikicode), on any page except redirects. This phrase completely ignores greyspace: insource: "state state autocollapse" matches.

Insource complements itself. On the one hand it has full text search for any word in the wikitext, instantly. On the other hand it can process a regexp search for any string of characters. Regexes scan all the textual characters in a given list of pages; they don't have a word index to speed things up, and the process is interrupted if it runs for more than twenty seconds. Regexes run last in a query, so to limit needless character-level scanning, every regex query should include other search terms to limit the number of documents that need to be scanned. Often the best candidate to add to the regex query insource:/arg/ is insource:arg, where arg is the same (and uses no wildcards).

The syntax for the regexp is insource: no space, and then /regexp/. (No other parameter disallows a space. All the parameters except insource:/regexp/ accept space after their colon.)

Insource indexed-search and regexp-search roles are similar in many respects:


 * Both search wikitext only.
 * Neither finds things "sourced" by a transclusion.
 * Neither does stemmed, fuzzy, or proximity searches.
 * Both want the fewest results, and both work faster when accompanied by another clause.

But indexed searches all ignore greyspace; wildcards searches do not match greyspace, so regexes are the only way to find an exact string of any and all characters, for example a sequence of two spaces. Regexes are an entirely different class of search tool that make matching a literal string easy (basic, beginner use), and make matching by metacharacter expressions possible (advanced use) on the wiki. See #Regular expression searches below.

Prefix and namespace
Prepending a namespace term like  to a search query limits results to a specific, instead of searching the entire wiki. The default namespace is "Main".

Only one namespace name can be set from the search box query. It must be the first term in the query, or, if used as part of a  term, must appear as the last term in the query.

Two or more namespaces may be searched from the Advanced pane of the search bar found on the top of every search results page, Special:Search. Your search domain, as a profile of namespaces, can be set here. The namespaces list will then present itself on the first page of future search results to indicate the search domain of the search results. To unset this, select the default namespace (shown in parentheses), select "Remember", and press Search.

The search bar graphically sets and indicates a search domain. "Content pages" (mainspace), "Multimedia" (File), "Everything" (all plus File), "Translations", etc., are hyperlinks that can activate the query in that domain, and then indicate this by going inactive (dark). But the query will override the search bar. When a namespace or prefix is used in the query the search bar activations and indications may be misleading, so the search bar and the search box are mutually exclusive (not complementary) ways to set the search domain.

A namespace term overrides the search bar, and a  term overrides a namespace.

To specify a namespace name, prefix it with a colon, e.g.,. Use  to search across all namespaces, or    (a single colon) to search just the main article namespace.

As with search parameters,  and   must be lowercase. Namespaces names, though, are case insensitive.

The  term does not include the File: namespace, which includes media content held at Commons such as PDF, which are all indexed and searchable. When File is involved, a namespace modifier  has an effect, otherwise it is ignored.

are accepted.

The  parameter matches any number of first-characters of all pagenames in one namespace. When the first letters match a namespace name and colon, the search domain changes.

Given a namespace only,  will match all its pagenames. Given one character only, it cannot be  (dash),   (quote), or   (double quote). The last character cannot be a colon.

For pagenames that match, their subpage titles match by definition.

The  parameter does not allow a space before a namespace, but allows whitespace before a pagename. This term always goes at the end, so that pagename characters may contain quotation marks.

The Translate extension creates a sort of "language namespace" of translated versions of a page. However, unlike namespace or prefix, which create the initial search domain, the inlanguage parameter is a filter of it. (See the next section.)

Exclude content from the search index
Content can be excluded from the search index by adding. This will instruct CirrusSearch to ignore this content from the search index (see for more context).

Additionally content can be marked as auxiliary information by adding. This will instruct CirrusSearch to move the content from the main text to an auxiliary field which has lower importance for search and snippet highlighting. This distinction is used for items such as image thumbnail descriptions, 'see also' sections, etc.

Filters
A filter will have multiple instances, or negated instances, or it can run as a standalone filtering a search domain. A query is formed as terms that filter a search domain.

Adding another word, phrase, or parameter filters more. A highly refined search result may have very many Y/N filters when every page in the results will be addressed. (In this case ranking is largely irrelevant.) Filtering applies critically to adding a regex term; you want as few pages as possible before adding a regex (because it can never have a prepared index for its search).

A namespace is a specified search domain but not a filter because a namespace will not run standalone. A prefix will negate so it is a filter. The search parameters below are filters for which there may be multiple instances.

Insource (covered above) is also a filter, but insource:/regexp/ is not a filter. Filters and all other search parameters are lowercase. (Namespaces are an exception, being case insensitive.)

Intitle and incategory
Word and phrase searches match in a title and match in the category box on bottom of the page. But with these parameters you can select titles only or category only.
 * cow*
 * Find articles whose title or text contains words that start with cow
 * intitle:foo
 * Find articles whose title contains foo. Stemming is enabled for foo.
 * intitle:"fine line"
 * Find articles whose title contains fine line. Stemming is disabled.
 * intitle:foo bar
 * Find articles whose title contains foo and whose title or text contains bar.
 * -intitle:foo bar
 * Find articles whose title does not contain foo and whose title or text contains bar.
 * incategory:Music
 * Find articles that are in Category:Music
 * incategory:"music history"
 * Find articles that are in Category:Music_history
 * incategory:"musicals" incategory:"1920"
 * Find articles that are in both Category:Musicals and Category:1920
 * -incategory:"musicals" incategory:"1920"
 * Find articles that are not in Category:Musicals but are in Category:1920

Intitle and incategory are old search parameters. Incategory no longer searches any subcategory automatically, but you can now add multiple category pagenames manually.

Since Regular expression searches are supported for intitle:
 * intitle:/regex/, intitle:/regex/i

Everything written in the #Regular expression searches is also valid for these searches, including warnings.

Deepcategory
Deep category search allows to search in category and all subcategories. The depth of the tree is limited by 5 levels currently (configurable) and the number of categories is limited by 256 (configurable). The deep search uses SPARQL Category service from WDQS. Keywords are deepcategory or deepcat. Example:


 * deepcat:"musicals"
 * Find articles that are in Category:Musicals or any of the subcategories.

The DeepCat gadget that previously implemented the parameter was sunsetted in January 2020.

Note that some deepcat searches return incomplete results. See bug for more details.

Linksto
Linksto finds wikilinks to a given name, not links to content. The input is the canonical, case sensitive, page name. It must match the title line of the content page, exactly, before any title modifications of the letter-case. (It must match its { {FULLPAGENAME}}, e.g. .)

Linksto does not find redirects. It only finds [ [wikilinks]], even when they are made by a template. It does not find a link made by a URL, even if that URL is an internal wiki link.

To find all wikilinks to a "Help:Cirrus Search", if "Help:Searching" and "H:S" are redirects to it:
 * 1) linksto: "Help:Cirrus Search"
 * 2) linksto: Help:Searching
 * 3) linksto: H:S

finds articles that mention "CirrusSearch" but not in a wikilink.

Hastemplate
You can specify template usage with. Input the canonical pagename to find all usage of the template, but use any of its redirect pagenames finds just that naming. Namespace aliases are accepted, capitalization is entirely ignored, and redirects are found, all in one name-search. (Compare boost-template no default namespace; linksto no namespace aliases, case-sensitive, no redirects; intitle no redirects.)

Hastemplate finds secondary (or meta-template) usage on a page: it searches the post-expansion inclusion. This is the same philosophy as for words and phrases from a template, but here it's for templates from a template. The page will be listed as having that content even though that content is not seen in the wikitext.


 * hastemplate: "quality image", finds "Template:Quality image" usage in your default search domain (namespaces).
 * hastemplate: portal:contents/tocnavbar, finds mainspace usage of a "Contents/TOCnavbar" template in the Portal namespace.

For installations with the Translate extension, hastemplate searches get interference wherever Template:Translatable template name wraps the template name of a translatable template. Use insource instead.

Inlanguage
For installations with the Translate extension, inlanguage is important for highly refined searches and page counts.


 * inlanguage:  language code 

will produce search results in that language only.

For example


 * to count all Japanese pages on the wiki
 * all: inlanguage: ja


 * to filter out German and Spanish pages in the Help namespace
 * help: -inlanguage: de -inlanguage: es


 * to ignore Translate, and where English is the base language, add
 * inlanguage:en

Contentmodel
The contentmodel: keyword allows to limit the search to pages of a specific content model. For possible models cf. Content handlers. E.g.:


 * To see only JSON pages:

subpageof
To find sub-pages.
 * subpageof:  ParentPage 

For example


 * To find all subpages of CirrusSearch.
 * subpageof:CirrusSearch


 * Use double quotes if the parent page contains spaces.


 * subpageof:"Requests for comment"

Articletopic
The articletopic: keyword allows filtering search results by topic. For possible topics see. E.g. articletopic:books will filter the search results to articles about books. articletopic:books|films will filter to articles about books or films. articletopic:books articletopic:films will filter to articles which are about both books and films.

Only mainspace articles belong into topics, and topics are only available on Wikipedias. Unlike other filters, articletopic also does page weighting: articles which are a stronger match for a topic will be higher in the search results (while articles which aren't about that subject at all will be removed from the result set completely).

Topic models are derived via machine learning from ORES. Any given article receives a score on dozens of different topics, and therefore may appear under different keywords. For instance, the article on Albert Einstein may appear as a "physics" article and a "biography" article. All Wikipedias have scores available -- some have local-language topic models that have coverage on all articles. Other languages do not have local ORES models, and are using English-language scores assigned to articles in the local language that also exist in English Wikipedia. The languages with such "cross-wiki" scores do not have 100% coverage -- depending on the language, it may only be something like 60% of articles that have topics available.

Topic-related search data is updated weekly, so recently created articles might not show up in topic-based search queries.

Pageid
The pageid: keyword restricts search results to the given set of page IDs. This is not really useful for manual searching; it can be used by software tools for checking whether a set of pages match the given set of search conditions (e.g. for re-validating cached search results).

Page weighting
Weighting determines snippet, suggestions, and page relevance. The normal weight is one. Additional weighting is given through multipliers.

If the query is just words, pages that match them in order are given a boost. If you add any explicit phrases to your search, or for certain other additions, this "prefer phrase" feature is not applied.

Morelike

 * morelike:page name 1|page name 2|...|page name n
 * Find articles whose text is most similar to the text of the given articles.
 * Find articles about stinging insects.
 * Find templates about regex searching for template usage on the wiki.
 * Find templates about regex searching for template usage on the wiki.
 * Find templates about regex searching for template usage on the wiki.

is a "greedy" keyword, meaning that it cannot be combined with other search queries. If you want to use other search queries, use morelikethis in your search:


 * Find articles about bees that also have the "featured article" template.
 * Find articles about bees that also have the "featured article" template.

The morelike: query works by choosing a set of words in the input articles and run a query with the chosen words. You can tune the way it works by adding the following parameters to the search results URL:

These settings can be made persistent by overriding  in System message.
 * cirrusMltMinDocFreq : Minimum number of documents (per shard) that need a term for it to be considered.
 * cirrusMltMaxDocFreq : Maximum number of documents (per shard) that have a term for it to be considered.
 * cirrusMltMaxQueryTerms : Maximum number of terms to be considered.
 * cirrusMltMinTermFreq : Minimum number of times the term appears in the input to doc to be considered. For small fields ( title ) this value should be 1.
 * cirrusMltMinWordLength : Minimal length of a term to be considered. Defaults to 0.
 * cirrusMltMaxWordLength : The maximum word length above which words will be ignored. Defaults to unbounded (0).
 * cirrusMltFields (comma separated list of values): These are the fields to use. Allowed fields are title, text , auxiliary_text , opening_text , headings and all.
 * cirrusMltUseFields ( | ): use only the field data. Defaults to : the system will extract the content of the   field to build the query.
 * cirrusMltPercentTermsToMatch : The percentage of terms to match on. Defaults to 0.3 (30 percent).
 * Example:

Prefer-recent
Adding prefer-recent: anywhere in the query gives recently edited articles a slightly larger than normal boost in the page-ranking rules. Prefer-recent is only applied when using the default  sort order.

It defaults to boost only 60% of the score, in a large, 160-day window of time, which can be entered in the query as prefer-recent:0.6,160. This plays well with other page ranking rules, and is intended for most searches.

You can manipulate the rules: prefer-recent:boost,recent Technically, "boost" is the proportion of score to scale, and "recent" is the half life in days. The boost is more than the usual multiplier, it is an exponential boost. The factor used in the exponent is the time since the last edit.

For example


 * prefer-recent:,7

Pages older than 7 days are boosted half as much, and pages older than 14 days are boosted half as much again, and so on. For a simple "sort by date" in highly refined search results, where page ranking and boosting are largely meaningless, just boost the entire score.


 * prefer-recent:1,7 - weeks
 * prefer-recent:1,1 - days
 * prefer-recent:1,0.0007 - minutes
 * prefer-recent:1,0.0001 - 8.64 seconds
 * prefer-recent:1,0.00001 - seconds

Boost-templates
You can boost pages' scores based on what templates they contain. This can be applied to all search queries by declaring boosts via MediaWiki:Cirrussearch-boost-templates, or ad-hoc in individual queries via the  operator. If the  operator is set in a query, then the contents of   are ignored. Similar to the prefer-recent feature, boost-templates is applied as part of the default  sort order. It has no effect on other search orders.

The syntax of the message is as follows:


 * Everything from a  character to the end of the line is considered a comment, and ignored.
 * Every non-blank line is interpreted as the exact name of a template that should receive boosting (including namespace prefix), followed by a pipe "|" character, followed by a number, followed by a "%" character.

Good examples:

Template:Important|150% Template:Very_Very_Important|300% Template:Less_important|50%

Bad examples:

Template:Foo|150.234234% # decimal points are not allowed. Foo|150% # technically valid, but acts on transclusions of Foo (main space article) instead of Template:Foo.

Some examples:


 * boost-templates:"Template:Quality_Image|200%" incategory:china


 * Find files in the China category, sorting quality images first.


 * boost-templates:"Template:Quality_Image|200% Template:Low_Quality|50%" incategory:china
 * Find files in the China category, sorting quality images first and low-quality images last.


 * boost-templates:"Template:Quality_Image|200% Template:Low_Quality|50%" popcorn
 * Find files about popcorn, sorting quality images first and low-quality images last. Remember that through the use of the  message this can be reduced to just.

Decimal points are not permitted in percentage values. Search scoring is such that fractions of a percent are unlikely to make a difference.

Beware that if you add very low or very high percentages via cirrussearch-boost-templates, they can poison the full-text scoring. For example, if Wikipedia were to boost the "Featured article" template by 1 million percent, then, searches for any term mentioned in featured articles, would rank the featured article above even the dedicated article about that term.

Phrase matching would be similarly blown away, so a search like  would return a featured article as first result even if it merely has those three words mentioned throughout it, instead of the more relevant article about Brave New World itself.

Regular expression searches
A basic indexed search finds words rendered visible on a page. Hyphenation and punctuation marks and bracketing, slash and other math and computing symbols, are merely boundaries for the words. It is not possible to include them in an indexed search. Mostly that search behavior is wanted by the user. However, sometimes one wants to have the ability for a more precise search.

To get around the syntactic deficiency of index-based searches regexp searches can be used. But as queries with only regexp expressions are very slow and resource consuming, they should always be combined with an index-based search, such that the regexp search-domain gets limited to the results of one or more index-based search.

An "exact string" regexp search is a basic search; it will simply "quote" the entire regexp, or "backslash-escape" all non-alphanumeric characters in the string. All regexp searches also require that the user develops a simple filter to generate the search domain for the regex engine to search (index based search domain marked bold, regexp part marked in italics):


 * insource:"debian.reproducible.net" insource:/debian\.reproducible\.net/
 * insource:"c:\program files (x86)" insource:/C\:\\Program Files \(x86\)/i
 * insource:"&lt;tag>{ {template}}&lt;/tag>" insource:/"&lt;tag>{ {template}}&lt;"\/"tag>"/
 * insource:"[ [title|link label]]'s" insource:/"[ [title|link label]]'s"/
 * insource:/regexp/ prefix:{ {FULLPAGENAME}}

The last example works from a link on a page, but { {FULLPAGENAME}} doesn't function in the search box.

For example: Special:Search/insource:/regex/ prefix: finds the term regex on this page.

A query with no namespace specified and no prefix specified searches your default search domain, (settable on any search-results page, i.e. at Special:Search). Some users keep their default search domain at "all namespaces", i.e. the entire wiki. On a large wiki if this user does a bare regexp search it will probably fail, incurring a timeout, before completing the search.

A regex search actually scours each page in the search domain character-by character. By contrast, an indexed search actually queries a few records from a database separately maintained from the wiki database, and provides nearly instant results. So when using an insource:// (a regexp of any kind), consider adding other search terms that will limit the regex search domain as much as possible. There are many search terms that use an index and so instantly provide a more refined search domain for the /regexp/. In order of general effectiveness:


 * insource:"" with quotation marks, duplicating the regexp except without the slashes or escape characters, is ideal.
 * intitle (without regex search), incategory, and linksto are excellent filters.
 * hastemplate: is a very good filter.
 * "word1 word2 word3", with or without the quotation marks, are good.
 * namespace: is practically useless, but may enable a slow regexp search to complete.

To test a bare regexp query you can create a page with test patterns, and then use the prefix parameter with that fullpagename. The match will be highlighted. It searches that page (in the database) and its subpages.

Search terms that do not increase the efficiency of a regexp search are the page-scoring operators: morelike, boost-template, and prefer-recent.

Metacharacters
This section covers how to escape metacharacters used in regexp searches. For the actual meaning of the metacharacters see the explanation of the syntax.

For example:


 * to search a namespace, gauge the number of pages with a single term that is a namespace. This will list the number of pages in that namespace.
 * starting out to find again what you may have seen, like "wiki-link" or "(trans[in]clusion)" start with namespace and insource filters.

There are some notable differences from standard regex metacharacters:

To search for a string that contains a newline, you can do a search like  which means not a curly brace, then two curly braces, then any two characters except a curly brace, space, or pipe, then a  tag. The "any character except" will include a newline in the search. Note thas this search was designed only to match to the following string:
 * The  or   are not reserved for matching a newline.


 * The dot  metacharacter stands for any character including a newline, so   matches across lines.
 * The number  sign means something, and must be escaped.
 * The  and   are not implemented. Like "grep" (global per line, regular expression, print each line), each insource:// is a "global per document, regular expression, search-results-list each document" per document.
 * and  support a multi-digit numeric range like   does, but without regard to the number of character positions, or the range in each position, so   works, and even   works.

Substitutions for some metacharacters
While character classes,  ,   are not supported, in case of an acute need to use them in a regular expression, you may use these workarounds:

In these ranges, " " (space) is used as the character immediately following control characters, "!" – the character immediately following it, and "􏿿" as the U+10FFFF character, which is the last character in Unicode. Thus, the range from " " to "􏿿" includes all characters except for control ones, of which articles may contain newlines and tabs, while the range from "!" to "􏿿" includes all characters except for control ones and the space.

Refining with an exact string

 * refining an ongoing search process with what you want to see, like "2 + 2 = 4", or "site.org" This is ideally the best use of regex, because it adds it as a single regexp term while refining a search, the limited number of pages the regexp must crawl is can be seen.

You can start out intending an exact string search, but keep in mind:


 * regex only search the wikitext not the rendered text, so there are some differences around the markup, and even the number of space characters must match precisely.
 * You are obligated to supply an accompanying filter.
 * You must learn how to escape regex metacharacters.

There are two ways to escape metacharacters. They are both useful at times, and sometimes concatenated side-by-side in the escaping of a string.


 * Backslash-escape one of them \char. The insource:/regexp/ uses slashes to delimit the regexp. Giving /reg/exp/ is ambiguous, so you must write /reg\/exp/.
 * Put a string of them in double quotes "string". Because escaping a character can't hurt, you can escape any character along with any possible metacharacters in there. Escaping with quotes is cleaner.
 * You can't mix methods, but you can concatenate them.

Double-quotes escaping using insource:/"regexp"/ is an easy way to search for many kinds of strings, but you can't backslash-escape anything inside a double-quoted escape.


 * instead of
 * is as good as
 * But  always.
 * And . It finds the   literally, which is not the   you probably wanted.

Backslash-escape using insource:/regexp/ allows escaping the " and / delimiters, but requires taking into account metacharacters, and escaping any:


 * To match a  delimiter character use.
 * To match a  delimiter character use.
 * The escaped metacharacters would be.
 * The equivalent expression escaped with double-quotes is.

The simplest algorithm to create the basic string-finding expression using insource:/"regexp"/, need not take metacharacters into account except for the " and / characters:
 * 1) Write   out. (The /" delimiters "/ are not shown.)
 * 1) Replace   with   (previous double-quote: stop, concatenate, quote restart).
 * 1) Replace   with   (stop, concatenate, start).
 * 1) You get , showing concatenation of the two methods.

The square-bracket notation for creating your own character-class also escapes its metacharacters. To target a literal right square bracket in your character-class pattern, it must be backslash escaped, otherwise it can be interpreted as the closing delimiter of the character-class pattern definition. The first position of a character class will also escape the right square bracket. Inside the delimiting square brackets of a character class, the dash character also has special meaning (range) but it too can be included literally in the class the same way as the right square bracket can. For example both of these patterns target a character that is either a dash or a right square bracket or a dot:  or.

For general examples using metacharacters:


 * insource:"2+2=4" insource:/"2+2=4"/ matches "2 + 2 = 4", with zero spaces between the characters.
 * insource:"2 + 2 = 4" insource:/2 ?\+ ?2 ?= ?4\./ match with zero or one space in between. The equals = sign is not a metacharacter, but the plus + sign is.
 * insource:"[ [link|2\3?]]\" insource:/"[ [link|2\3?]]< "\/" tag>"/

Regex on titles
The insource keyword does only search the page source content. To run regex searches on the title strings intitle:/regex/ can be used.

Advanced example
For example, using metacharacters to find the usage of a template called Val having, inside the template call, an unnamed parameter containing a possibly signed, three to four digit number, possibly surrounded by space characters, and on the same page, inside a template Val call, a named argument  having any allowable spaces around it, (it could be the same template call, or a separate one):



Note that the = sign in "fmt commas" is not needed but that adding it would not change the search results. It is fast because it uses two filters so that every page the regexp crawls has the highest possible potential.

Geo Search
Searching based on the (primary) coordinates associated with pages. Depends on and

bounded
You can limit search to pages identified as being near some specified geographic coordinates. The coordinates can either be specified as a &lt;lat>,&lt;lon> pair, or by providing a page title from which to source the coordinates. A distance to limit the search to can be prepended if desired. Examples:


 * neartitle:"San Francisco"
 * neartitle:"100km,San Francisco"
 * nearcoord:37.77666667,-122.39
 * nearcoord:42km,37.77666667,-122.39

boosted
You can alternatively increase the score of pages within a specified geographic area. The syntax is the same as bounded search, but with boost- prepended to the keyword. This effectively doubles the score for pages within the search range, giving a better chance for nearby search results to be near the top.


 * boost-neartitle:"San Francisco"
 * boost-neartitle:"100km,San Francisco"
 * boost-nearcoord:37.77666667,-122.39
 * boost-nearcoord:42km,37.77666667,-122.39

File properties search
Since MediaWiki 1.28, CirrusSearch supports indexing and searching of properties of files in the  namespace. This includes:
 * file media type
 * MIME type
 * size
 * width & height
 * resolution
 * bit depth for files that support these

filetype
Searching for file type allows to retrieve files according to their classification, such as office documents, videos, raster images, vector images, etc. The following types currently exist:



This list may be extended in the future. See also  constants in.

The syntax of the search is: filetype:{type}. Example:

filetype:video - looks for all videos

The filetype search is not case-sensitive.

filemime
Matches file MIME type. The syntax is:

filemime:{MIMEtype} - look for files of this MIME type

The argument can be quoted to specify exact match. Without quotes, partial matches to components of MIME type will be accepted too.

Examples:


 * filemime:"image/png" - look for files with MIME type exactly
 * filemime:pdf - look for all PDF documents
 * -filemime:pdf - skip all PDF documents (notably on Commons)

The MIME type search is not case-sensitive.

filesize
Search for file of given size, in kilobytes (kilobyte means 1024 bytes). The syntax is:


 * filesize:{number} या filesize:>{number} - file with size at least given number
 * filesize:<{number} - file with size no more than given number
 * filesize:{number},{number} - file with size between given numbers

Examples:


 * filesize:>20 or filesize:20 - files 20KB and bigger
 * filesize:<1024 - files smaller than 1MB
 * filesize:100,500 - files with sizes between 100KB and 500KB

File measures
It is possible to search for specific file measures: width, height, resolution (which is defined as square root of height × width), and bit depth. Not all files may have these properties. The syntax is:


 * {measure}:{number} - file with measure that equals to given number
 * {measure}:>{number} - file with measure that is at least given number
 * {measure}:<{number} - file with measure that is no more than given number
 * {measure}:{number},{number} - file with measure that is between given numbers

Where  can be:

filew or filewidth - file width

fileh or fileheight - file height

fileres - file resolution (see above)

filebits - file bit depth

Examples:

filew:>800 fileh:>600 - files that are at least 800×600 pixels in size

filebits:16 - files with 16-bit color depth

fileheight:100,500 - file between 100 and 500 pixels high

Wikibase search
The extension defines some search keywords in order to make it easier to search for certain Wikibase items. This is useful on and other Wikibase sites, including to search for images with Structured data on. See for details.

Cross-wiki search results
There are two kinds of cross-wiki results that may be shown when searching on Wikipedia.

Cross-project search (also known as interwiki search, sister search, or sister projects search) shows additional results from other projects (Wiktionary, Wikisource, Wikiquote, etc.) shown to the side on the Wikipedia results page. Cross-project search is available on most Wikipedias with sister projects.

Cross-language search (see blog post) refers to additional results shown below the main results that are from a Wikipedia in a different language. Cross-language search uses a heavily modified and optimized version of a light-weight language detector called. Cross-language search is currently only available on a few Wikipedias (see TextCat link for details).

Explicit sort orders
In addition to the default relevance based sort, CirrusSearch can provide results using a few other explicit sort orders. Specifying a sorting order other than  will disable all search keywords that affect scoring, such as   or. The keywords will still be parsed, but they will have no effect.

Sorting options are currently available from the MediaWiki API by providing the  parameter.

 Guidance: 

Sorting options can be manually added to a search URL by adding, for example:



 Valid sort orders include: 

Interface for advanced options


The AdvancedSearch extension adds an improved interface to the search page allowing the use of several options described above in a user-friendly manner. See here for the user manual.