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 * Portlandsement klinkeri ishlab chiqarishda xom-ashyo sifatida tarkibida kalsiy karbonat ko’p bo’lgan karbonat jinslar va tarkibida kremniy, alyumin, hamda temir oksidlar bo’lgan gillar, shuningdek, gil va kalsiy karbonatning tabiiy aralashmalari (megrellar) ishlatiladi.  Keyingi yillarda portlandsement ishlab chiqarishda gilni butunlay ishlatmaslik yoki qisman ishlatish maqsadida, nordon va asosli domna toshqollari, shuningdek, nefelin chiqindilaridan foydalanilmoqda.   Portlandsement ishlab chiqarishda eng qulay mergellar gilsimon moddalar va juda mayda kalsiy karbonat zarrachalarining tabiiy aralashmasidan iborat cho’qindi tog’ jinsi hisoblanadi. Mergellar tarkibida CaCO3 va gil qancha miqdorda borligiga qarab, mergel ohaktosh (90-95%CaCO3) ga bo’linadi. Taxminan 65% CaCO3 va 25% gildan tashkil topgan mergellar juda qimmatbaho xom ashyo hisoblanadi. Bunday mergel kuydirilgandan so’ng kimyoviy tarkibi bo’yicha portlandsement klinkerga o’xshab ketadi. Shuning uchun uni ishlatish bilan portlandsement ishlab chiqarish soddalashadi. Moslashtiruvchi qo’shilmalar: Asosiy xom ashyo ohaktosh va gil nisbatini o’zgartirish bilan kerakli kimyoviy tarkibdagi klinker olishga imkon bo’lavermaydi. Shuning uchun ko’pincha uchinchi, ba’zan esa to’rtinchi moslashtiruv qo’shilmalar qo’shishga to’gri keladi. Xom ashyo aralashmasiga tarkibida SiO2 qumtuorog’i ko’p bo’lgan moddalar (nrepel, opoka, diadomit) qo’shib ko’paytiriladi. Xom ashyo aralashmasi tarkibida temir oksid yetishmasa, kolchedan kuyindi qo’shiladi.
 * Yoqilg’i: Xom ashyolarni kuydirish uchun qattiq, suyuq va gazsimon yoqilg’i hisoblanib, ularni yoqqanda kul hosil bo’lmaydi. Qattiq yoqilg’idan foydalanganda kuli klinker tarkibiga qo’shilib ketadi va u klinkerning faqatgina kimyoviy tarkibini o’zgartiribgina qolmay, balki klinker tarkibidagi magniy oksid va SO3 miqdorini ham ko’paytirib yuboradi.
 * Shuning uchun xom ashyo aralashmasini hisoblayotganda yoqilg’idan qancha kul hosil bo’lishi va kulning kimyoviy tarkibini hisobga olishi kerak. Gazsimon va suyuq yoqilg’I ishlatilsa, ishlab chiqarish soddalashadi, kuydirish rejimi, klinkerning sifati yuqori bo’ladi.  Portlandsement ishlab chiqarish ikki mustaqil jarayonga bo’linadi.   -         Klinker ishlab chiqarish (portlandsementning chala mahsuloti tayyorlanadi)  -         Klinker qo’shilmalar bilan birga to’yish (portlandsement olish)  Birinchi jarayon juda murakkab bo’lib, uning bajarilishi katta xaarajatlar bilan bog’liq. Portlandsement ishlab chiqarishda jami xarajatning 70-80%ini klinker qiymati tashkil etadi.   Portlandsementni ishlab chiqarishda quyidagi asosiy texnologik bosqichlar bajariladi: ohaktosh va gil qazib olish; xom ashyolarni tayyorlash; yoqilg’ini tayyorlash; xom ashyolarni kuydirish; klinkerni qo’shilmalar bilan birga to’yish; portlandsementni omborga joylash.   Xom ashyolar suv ishtirokida tayyorlansa, portlandsement ishlab chiqarish “ho’l” usul deb, quruqligicha tayyorlansa “quruq” usul deb ataladi. Qaysi usulni tanlash texnologik va texnik-iqtisodiy ko’rsatkichlar jihatidan quruq usul afzalroq bo’lsa ham, hozirgi vaqtda bir qator mamlakatlarda, shuningdek Rossiya va AQSH da ho’l usuk keng tarqalgan. Quruq usul Yaponiya, Germaniya va Italiyada keng tarqalgan. Hozirgi kunda mamlakatimizda ham quruq usulni yanada ko’proq qo’llash masalasi ko’rib chiqilmoqda.   Suyuq quyuqa – shlamning (suyuq ohaktosh va loy aralashmasi) namligi 34-40% gat eng. Xom-ashyo aralashmasini tayyorlashga ohaktosh, gil va qo’shilmalarni maydalash, torozda tortish, birgalikda komponentlarni mayin qilib kukunlash va aralashtirish, hosil bo’lgan aralashma tarkibini moslash va uni saqlash kiradi. 1 tonna portlandsement tayyorlash uchun 2.5-3 tonna xom ashyo, ko’mir va maydalash kerak. Shu ishlarni bajarishga sement ishlab chiqarish uchun sarflanadigan elektr energiyasining 60-80% sarf bo’ladi.   Shlam tarkibida CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 moddalar miqdori avtomatik rengenospektrometrda aniqlanib, bu tarkib har soatda tekshirilib turadi.   Shlam ho’l yoki quruq usulda tayyorlangan bo’lishidan qat’iy nazar aylanma o’choqlarda kuydiriladi. Metallni yuqori harorat ta’siridan saqlash va issiqlik kam isrof bo’lishi uchun o’choqning ichki yuzasiga o’ta chidamli ashyolar bilan qoplanadi (futerovka qilinadi). Ularning bir kundagi klinker bo’yicha ish unumi 400, 850, 1200 va1800 tonna.  O’choq 3 xil tezlikda, ya’ni bir daqiqa 0.5, 0.75 va 1 marta aylanishi mumkin. O’choq qiya o’rnatilgani uchun u aylanganda ashyo baraban ichida pastga surilib tushadi. Aylanma o’choqning uzunligi 185m va diametrim 5 m ga teng. Kuydirilgandan ashyo yuqori haroratdagi olovga qarshi tomonga harakat qiladi. Natijada, tashqi havo haroratiga suyuq shlam asta-sekn  erib, qovushib, pishish haroratigacha (1450) qiziydi. Qisman erib qovushib pishayotgan klinker, ayniqsa o’choqning aylanma harakati tufayli hosil bo’lgan klinkerning dumaloq donalari brogan sari zichlashib yuqori mustahkamlikka ega bo’la boshlaydi. So’ngra shu usulda hosil bo’lgan klinkerning dumaloq donalari o’choq oxiridagi sovuq havo oqimiga duch kelib, qotib qoladi.   Xom ashyo aralashmasi aylanib turuvchi o’choqda kuydirilganda fizik-kimyoviy jarayonlar sodir bo’lishi natijasida qovushib kuygan, o’lchamlari 2-3sm dan iborat donalr shaklidagi C3S, C2S, C3A, C4AF va shishasimon  qismdan tarkib topgan klinker hosil bo’ladi.
 * Klinker: Tarkibi asosan (70-80%) silikat kalsiydan tashkil topgan gidravlik bog’lovchi moddaga portlandsement deb ataladi.  Portlandsement xossalarini o’zgartirish, shuningdek, uning tannarxini kamaytirish maqsadida portlandsement klinkeriga faol – gidravlik va inert mineral qo’shilmalar qo’shiladi. Inert qo’shilmalar (ohaktosh, dolomite, kvars, qum va h.z) miqdori 10% dan, faol (nrepel, diotamit, trass va h.z) qo’shilmalar miqdori esa 15% dan oshmasligi kerak. Biroq gidravlik qo’shilmalar 20% va undan ortiq bo’lishi ham mumkin. Klinkerni to’yganda unga odatda ko’pi bilan 3% gips qo’shiladi. Bu bilan sementning quyuqlashish muddati uzaytiriladi. Bu esa uning xossalariga yaxshi ta’sir qiladi.   Portlandsementning sifat ko’rsatkichlari (mustahkamligi,chidamligi, mustahkamlashni oshirish tezligi) asosan, klinker sifatiga bog’liq.   Portlandsement klinkeri o’lchamlari 10-20 mm dan 50-60 mm gacha mayda va yirik donalar ko’rinishida olinadi. Standartga ko’ra, portlandsement tarkibida ishqor istalgan miqdorda bo’lishi mumkin, ammo gidrotexnik betonlar uchun 0.6% dan, yer usti konstruksiyalarini quishda ishlatiladigan qorishma va betonlar uchun esa 1% dan ortiq ishqori bo’lmagan portlandsement ishlatilishi tavsiya etiladi.   Portlandsementning klinkerdagi asosiy minerallar miqdori quyidagicha:  -         Uch kalsiyli silikat (alit) – 3CaO.SiO2 yoki C3S-45-60%   -         Ikki kalsiyli silikat (belit) – 2CaO.SiO2 yoki C2S – 15-37%   -         Uch kalsiyli alyuminat – 3CaO.Al2O3 yoki C3A – 7-15%  -         To’rt kalsiyli alyumoferrit (selit) - $CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 yoki C4AF – 10-18%  Klinker erkin CaO bo’lsa, u portlandsement xossalariga magniy oksidga nisbatan xavfliroq ta’sir ko’rsatadi, ya’ni uning hajmi juda notekis o’zgaradi. Erkin CaO sement toshini buzib yubormasligi uchun klinker to’yishdan oldin CaO havodagi nam ta’sirdan so’nib ulguradigan qilib ma’lum vaqt omborlarda yetiltiriladi.   Klinker mineralogik tarkibiga qarab, portlandsement quyidagi turlarga bo’linadi:  -         Alit portlandsement, undagi uch kalsiyli silikat 60% dan ortiq, C3S:C2S nisbat 5 dan katta   -         Belit portlandsement tarkibida 37% dan ortiq ikki kalsiyli silikat bor, C3S:C2S nisbat 1 dan kam   -         Alyuminat portlandsemnent, tarkibida 3 kalsiyli alyuminat 15% dan ortiq. C3A miqdoriga qarab sementlar: oz (C3A-%% gach), o’rtacha (C3A-5…(%) va ko’p alyuminatli (C3A – 9% dan ko’p) turlarga bo’linadi  -         Alyumoferrit (selit) portlandsement, tarkibidagi to’rt kalsiy alyumoferrit 18% dan ortiq.  Portlandsementning qanchalik mayda to’yilgani 02 raqamli elakdan o’tib va 008 raqamli elakda 5-8% qoldiq qolishiga qarab aniqlanadi. Shunda uning solishtirma yuzasi 3000-3500gramm bo’ladi.

literature


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Special Chars
This world is a planet where a society of people has formed.

Authors sometimes invent new worlds. The authors use these worlds as the setting for their stories. Some authors invent worlds that have magic.

Nobody knows whether there are intelligent beings in other worlds.

World literatur11
World literature is literature that is read by many ERV all over this world. World literature is different from national literature."I am more and more convinced that poetry is the universal possession of mankind, revealing itself everywhere and at all times in hundreds and hundreds of men. . . . I therefore like to look about me in foreign nations, and advise everyone to do the same. National literature is now a rather unmeaning term; the epoch of world literature is at hand. – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1827"

Worlds in literature
Creating a different world is a literary device used by authors to illustrate ideas. By placing the story in the setting of a different world, the author can change the way that things happen in the world. For example, the author might imagine a world that has very little water or a world that has very little dry land. Deciding what the world looks like and how the world works is called world-building. Thinking about the world helps the author make good choices about what happens to the characters in the story. Some authors think about many details, such as what languages the characters speak and what the architecture is on the world.

Worlds in science fiction


Science fiction stories often use different worlds. Frank Herbert's famous Dune series focused on a world called Arrakis that produces a rare chemical substance.

Often a science-fiction story will be involve multiple worlds. The Foundation series by Isaac Asimov was set in a galaxy with thousands of populated worlds. The Star Wars movies had a several important worlds, and characters traveled between them. Some authors of science fiction worlds try to make them scrupulously obey the laws of physics.

Fantasy worlds
Fantasy worlds are fictional worlds that use magic. This magic may involve saying magic words, using magical objects, or performing magical rituals.

World languages
Some languages spoken in many parts of the world. These are called world languages. , English is the most common world language. Previously, French was the most popular language in the West. Chinese was used by traders in all of East Asia for centuries. Arabic is common in the Middle East, Northern Africa, and other parts of the world.

Once upon a time, Greek and Latin were spoken by most traders in the Western world. Before then, traders learned the languages of nearby cities. Ancient traders did not travel around the world.

The Egyptians used pictures to write their language. The pictures are called hieroglyphics. This is what they look like:

World health
The World Health Organisation (French: Organisation mondiale de la santé ) is an international organisation for public health. It is part of the United Nations. The World Health Organisation began in 1948. It wants people to be healthy and safe. It studies public health and tells governments and other organisations how to help people become healthy.

The organisation counts the number of people with health problems. These health problems include influenza, HIV infection, and depression. It also counts the number of people who experience other problems. These problems include dirty water, violence, and hunger.

Mental health is also important. People with mental health problems such as depression often die ten years early.

The World Bank is also interested in health. Health affects economic prospects.

Poetry
This poem by John Donne mentions the world:

Her death hath taught us dearly that thou art Corrupt and mortal in thy purest part. Let no man say, the world itself being dead, 'Tis labour lost to have discovered The world's infirmities, since there is none Alive to study this dissection; For there's a kind of world remaining still, Though she which did inanimate and fill The world, be gone... The entire poem can be read at Wikisource.

Shape of this world
This world is not a perfect sphere. It is slightly flattened. This is the mathematical formula for measuring the flatness of a sphere:

$$\begin{align} f&=\frac{a-b}{a}. \end{align}$$

For this world, $f\,\!$ is approximately 0.3%. The Moon is rounder. For the Moon, $f\,\!$ is approximately 0.1%. Jupiter is flatter. For Jupiter, $f\,\!$ is approximately 6.5%.

Local planets
A world is on a planet. There are different types of planets. There are several types of planets in this solar system: These are the planets in this solar system:
 * Terrestrial planets
 * Giant planets
 * Gas giants
 * Ice giants
 * Four terrestrial planets
 * Mercury
 * Venus
 * Earth
 * One satellite, called the Moon
 * Mars
 * Two gas giants
 * Jupiter
 * Four large satellites
 * 63 other satellites
 * Saturn
 * 62 satellites. Some are very small. The largest, called Titan, is larger than the planet Mercury.
 * Seven are large.
 * Two ice giants
 * Uranus
 * Five satellites
 * 22 other satellites
 * Neptune
 * One satellite, called "Triton"