Help:Range blocks/es


 * Consúltese para obtener información sobre bloquear intervalos de IPv6.

Los bloqueos de rango son restricciones técnicas aplicadas a través de Special:Block a un grupo de direcciones IP que les impiden editar, crear nuevas cuentas, enviar correos electrónicos a través de la interfaz wiki, etc. Si marcas la casilla «», las ediciones de las cuentas registradas también se desactivarán mientras se conectan desde el rango bloqueado.

Para bloquear un rango IP de Special:Block, ingresa la primera dirección IP en el rango seguida de una barra diagonal y un sufijo Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR). ¡Deberías evitar realizar bloqueos de rango a menos que comprendas bien lo que estás haciendo, porque podrías terminar bloqueando a decenas de miles o incluso millones de personas inocentes!

Este artículo analiza principalmente IPv4; los bloqueos IPv6 funcionan de manera similar, pero tienen diferentes implicaciones; véase /IPv6.

Explicación no técnica
Las direcciones IP se dividen en bloqueos de números. Un ejemplo de esto sería de  hasta. Una vez que llega a, el siguiente número es.

IP addresses can be broken up in to smaller or larger blocks. The smallest practical block is a block of 4. This could be one of the following:



Of each block of 4 numbers, only two can be assigned to a computer. The first and last numbers of any block are reserved for network communication. These are level 30 blocks and can be expressed like this:



El siguiente bloque más grande es 8. They can be as follows:



In this block of 8 numbers only 6 can be assigned to a computer as, once again, the first and last numbers in a block are reserved for specific uses in network communication. Esto también se puede expresar como sigue:



From this point on, the number of IP addresses in a block continues to double: 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, etc.


 * A block of 16 would start.
 * A block of 32 would start.
 * A block of 64 would start.
 * A block of 128 would start.
 * A block of 256 would start.

So if you have an IP address and you want to block the range assigned how do you know which one to use? Let's say you have a problem with. You can look up who has this IP address at http://arin.net/whois/?queryinput=148.20.57.34. Say this tells us that this IP address is assigned, along with a LOT of others in a  range, to the Department of Defense. We certainly don't want to block a large block of the DoD! The rule of thumb is block as little as possible. Only block a range if there is a cluster of IP addresses giving a problem.

There's a calculator that is very useful for this:


 * ftools/general/ip-range-calc.html

Go to this site and enter  into the first set of blanks. Now select Network Prefix Length and enter  (this will give a block of 32 addresses) and click Calculate Network Information. This will show us a block of 32 IP addresses that include. (The first - network - and the last - broadcast - addresses will be displayed along with the usable addresses in the range.) You can use this tool to test ranges to be sure they are what you want before entering the information to initiate the block.

Explicación técnica
CIDR notation is written as the IP address, a slash, and the CIDR suffix (for example, the IPv4 " " or IPv6 " "). The CIDR suffix is the number of starting digits every IP address in the range have in common when written in binary.

For example: " " is binary " ", so  will match the first 27 digits (" "). The IP addresses –, when converted to binary, all have the same 27 first digits and will be blocked if   is blocked.

As the CIDR suffix increases, the block affects fewer IP addresses (see table of sample ranges). CIDR suffixes are not the same for IPv4 addresses as they are for IPv6 addresses; the same CIDR suffix in IPv4 blocks $$2^{96}$$=79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,336 times as many addresses in IPv6.

Calcular el sufijo CIDR
You can use the table of sample ranges below to guess the range, use a computer script, or manually calculate the range.

Conversión a binario
The first step in manually calculating a range is to convert the first and last IP address to binary representation. (This assumes you're not using a computer script, which can probably calculate the range for you anyway.) An IP address is composed of four groups of eight ones and zeros. Each group represents a number from 0 to 255. To convert a number to binary, you can use a reference table or know the value of each binary digit:

Proceeding from left to right, fill in  if the number is at least that value, and subtract that value (if it's not, fill in   and don't subtract). For example, to calculate 240:


 * 1) 240 is at least 128, so place   and subtract 128.
 * 2) 112 (240-128) is at least 64, so place   and subtract 64.
 * 3) 48 (112-64) is at least 32, so place   and subtract 32.
 * 4) 16 (48-32) is at least 16, so place   and subtract 16.
 * 5) Since the remaining value is zero, all the remaining places are.

Thus, 240 is  because it can be represented as 128+64+32+16+0+0+0+0.

Calcular el intervalo

 * 1) Pon las dos direcciones IP una encima de la otra y comprueba cuántos de los dígitos iniciales coinciden. Este es el sufijo CIDR.
 * 2) ¡Compruébalo de nuevo! Un error de un dígito podría suponer extender el bloqueo a miles de direcciones.

A continuación, se muestra un ejemplo de cálculo del rango CIDR entre las IP  y. Nótese que este es un ejemplo sencillo. Algunos grupos de direcciones IP no se amoldan tan bien a los sufijos CIDR y requerirán de bloqueo de distintos tamaños para bloquear el rango exacto.


 * Direcciones IP:


 * Convertir a binario:


 * Cuenta los dígitos iniciales idénticos:


 * Rango CIDR:

Tabla de intervalos de muestra
The table below shows the IPv4 blocks each CIDR suffix affects. Note that MediaWiki only supports blocking CIDR suffixes 16 - 32 in IPv4 and 19 (formerly 64) - 128 in IPv6 by default (subject to ). See /IPv6 for an IPv6 range table.

Limitación predeterminada
The default MediaWiki installation limits range blocks to no larger than /16 IPv4 rangeblocks (65,536 addresses). To block larger ranges needs to be set accordingly in.

Referencias

 * Classless Inter-Domain Routing

Enlaces externos

 * Netmask calculator which helps in making the correct decision for range blocks.
 * Subnet Calculator can help calculate prefix length and subnet mask for IPv4 and IPv6.
 * Calculadora de CIDR de IP
 * ftools/general/ip-range-calc.html - gives you the range you should use when blocking.
 * IPv4 and CIDR Calculator gives you a breakdown of Hosts and IP Range for any Given Mask/CIDR and reverse.