Extension:WikibaseLexeme/Data Model/pl

Strona ta prezentuje edytowalny dokument, opisujący koncepcyjny schemat danych użytkowany w WikibaseLexeme. Nie stanowi on specyfikacji, data binding'u, implementacji, mapowania, lub serializacji.


 * Lexeme:
 * Lemma
 * Language
 * Lexical category
 * Statements
 * Forms:
 * Representation
 * Grammatical Features
 * Statements
 * Senses:
 * Gloss
 * Statements

Model danych WikibaseLexeme opisuje strukturę danych takich jak słowa i frazy, obsługiwanych jako "Leksymy" w Wikibase. Mimo iż teoretycznie byłoby możliwe modelowanie tych obiektów przy użyciu Items, bardziej ekspresyjny i wyspecjalizowany model pomaga zmniejszyć złożoność danych oraz usprawnić dalsze ich użycie i mapowanie do innych słowników. Ten model danych ma charakter koncepcyjny („jakie informacje powinniśmy obsługiwać?”) i nie określa, w jaki sposób te dane powinny być reprezentowane technicznie („jakich struktur danych powinno używać oprogramowanie?”) ani syntaktycznie („Jak należy przedstawić dane w pliku?"). Oddzielne dokumenty opisują serializację modelu danych Wikibase w JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) oraz w RDF (Resource Description Framework). Model danych leksemów definiuje podstawowe pojęcia i relacje wymagane do opisywania leksemów językowych, stanowiących ustaloną ontologię. Stanowi ona konieczną podstawę, które pozwala na użycie Elementów i Deklaracji do szczegółowego modelowania leksemu. Specyfikacja modelu danych leksemów jest oparta na Modelu danych Wikibase, więc Słowniczek i Elementarz modelu danych Wikibase może być pomocny w zrozumieniu poniższego dokumentu. The Lexeme data model aims to align with the LEMON model by the Ontolex W3C community group, where useful and practical. Jednak w duchu Wikibase model danych leksemów zaprojektowano jako prosty i wystarczająco elastyczny, aby umożliwić zwykłą edycję zespołową, w przeciwieństwie do bardziej sformalizowanego podejścia przyjętego przez LEMON.

Leksemy


A Lexeme is a lexical element of a language, such as a word, a phrase, or a prefix (see Lexeme on Wikipedia). Lexemes are Entities in the sense of the Wikibase data model. A Lexeme is described using the following information:


 * An ID. Lexemes have IDs starting with an "L" followed by a natural number in decimal notation, e.g. . These IDs are unique within the repository that manages the Lexeme. The ID can be combined with a repository's concept base URI to form a unique URI for the Lexeme.
 * A Lemma for use as a human readable representation of the lexeme, e.g. "run".
 * The Language to which the lexeme belongs. This is a reference to a concrete Item, e.g. Q1860 for English.
 * The Lexical category to which the lexeme belongs. This is given as a reference to a concrete Item, e.g. Q34698 for adjective.
 * A list of Statements to describe properties of the lexeme that are not specific to a Form or Sense (e.g. derived from or grammatical gender or syntactic function).
 * A list of Forms, typically one for each relevant combination of grammatical features, such as 2nd person / singular / past tense.
 * A list of Senses, describing the different meanings of the lexeme (e.g. "financial institution" and "edge of a body of water" for the English noun bank).

Instance of
In Wikidata they generally use the most general lexical category possible, e.g. affix and then instead describe which type of affix it is using an instance of-statement.

Usage examples
In Wikidata the community decided to have usage examples in one place on the lexeme because then they know where to look for them. They have 2 demonstrates properties d:Property:P5830 and d:Property:P6072 to link to the correct sense and form. They can have multiple examples from different time periods e.g. different centuries and for formality/informality and written/spoken.

Lemma
The lemma is a human readable representation of the lexeme (see Lemma on Wikipedia). Typically, the canonical form of the lexeme (e.g. the infinitive form of verbs) will be used as the lemma (see also lemon:canonicalForm). Lemmas are not simple strings, but MultilingualTextValues, since the same lemma may have multiple spellings. This is specially important for languages that use multiple scripts such as Serbian and Japanese.

A Lemma cannot be entirely empty, at least one variant has to be provided.

Note: Lemmas are not unique, nor is the combination of Lemma, Language, and Lexical category. Two distinct lexemes with the same lexical category can exist in the same language if they have different data, it may be gender, etymology, morphology (different forms), and so on.

Form
The morphology of the lexeme is understood as a set of Forms. Each form defines how a lexeme changes based on a specific syntactic role or mode it may take in a sentence (see also lemon:Form).

A Form is described using the following information:


 * An ID. Forms have IDs starting with the ID of the Lexeme they belong to, followed by a hyphen ("-") and an "F", followed by a natural number in decimal notation: e.g. . These IDs are unique within the repository that manages the Lexeme. The ID can be combined with a repository's concept base URI to form a unique URI for the Form.
 * A representation, spelling out the Form as a string.
 * A list of grammatical features that define for which syntactic role the given form applies. These are given as references to a concrete Items, e.g. Q814722 for participle.
 * A list of Statements further describing the Form or its relations to other Forms or Items (e.g. pronunciation audio, rhymes with, used until, used in region)

Representation
A form's Representation is its written form, as used in a text (compare lemon:writtenRep). Just like Lemmas, Representations are not simple strings, but MultilingualTextValues, since the same form may have multiple spellings, possibly in multiple scripts.

A Representation cannot be entirely empty, at least one variant has to be provided.

Multiple forms with the same representation are allowed to enable adding usage examples demonstrating each of them. Example in Wikidata

Grammatical Feature
A form's grammatical features specify under which conditions or in which syntactic role that form is used (see lexinfo:morphosyntacticProperty and grammatical category on Wikipedia). Multiple grammatical features can be combined to express under which conditions the language's grammar requires a given form to be used. Grammatical features are represented as references to Items.

Sense
The senses of a lexeme are different meanings which it may represent in a text. The senses are given as natural language definitions or glosses (compare intensional definitions on Wikipedia).

A sense is described using the following information:

In Wikidata image is also added to provide a culturally adapted image of the sense, e.g. of a letterbox or color that can vary greatly between cultures.
 * An ID. Senses have IDs starting with the ID of the Lexeme they belong to, followed by a hyphen ("-") and an "S", followed by a natural number in decimal notation: e.g. . These IDs are unique within the repository that manages the Lexeme. The ID can be combined with a repository's concept base URI to form a unique URI for the Sense.
 * A Gloss, defining the meaning of the Sense using natural language.
 * A list of Statements further describing the Sense and its relations to Senses and Items (e.g. item for this sense, synonym, antonym, connotation, register, denotes, evokes).

Gloss
A sense's gloss gives a natural definition of the sense (see Gloss on Wikipedia and skos:definition). Glosses cannot be referenced.

Similar to Lemmas, Glosses are not simple strings, but MultilingualTextValues. However, the reason is not providing support for variants, but to allow the gloss to be given in entirely different languages. E.g. it would be quite useful for a German learning French to have a German gloss for a French sense.

A Gloss cannot be entirely empty, at least one language has to be provided. A good gloss provides little or no space for ambiguity about the meaning. Lexemes with multiple senses should have glosses that are easily distinguishable from each other.

Short glosses of only a single or a few words should be avoided as it leaves too much space for interpretation of the meaning.

In Wikidata Glosses are often very similar to carefully crafted descriptions on Q-items. E.g. for apple the Q-items English description fruit of the apple tree is copied as gloss when using tools like MachtSinn to match lexemes and Q-items together and create missing senses.