Manual:Architectural modules/Parser

Responsibilities
Parser module has different responsibilities in MediaWiki. Besides the actual parsing of wikitext it is used for several other tasks. The role of Parser module is comprised of the following functional areas, that will be further presented in more details:


 * Parse wikitext into HTML
 * Apply options for parsing
 * Deliver output object to be used for rendering
 * Cache the output of parsing
 * Provide parser functions
 * Provide tag hooks
 * Extract and replace sections when they are edited

Parse wikitext into HTML
The content of the articles is stored in the database in wikitext. When an article has to be shown in the browser, this wikitext needs to be converted into proper HTML. Performing this task is the core functionality of Parser module. The entry point to do the parsing is, that sequentially executes a row of operations transforming at each step a piece of wikitext code (tables, lists, headers etc.) into HTML. The execution steps of are shown in the table Parsing Steps.

The parsing of wikitext is based on the applied. are initialized from the where the Language and User are the two important parameters. User preferences, such as thumbs size, numbering of headings or language are set to the. Furthermore, other options get their values based on the settings for global variables of MediaWiki. These are, for example, or  (maximum recursion depth for templates within templates). An example of object with values can be found on the figure ParserOptions. As a result, the HTML output for the same article (and the same revision) can vary depending on the used parser options.

An important point to mention about the parsing process is the incorporation of extension hooks. Hooks allow custom code to be executed when some defined event occurs. Code in the already includes some defined events and runs hooks when they occur. For example, there is an event, on which hooks will be ran before proceeding with internal parse. Additional functions can be registered on these events or new events can be created as everywhere in MediaWiki.

The result of parsing is stored as the object. The main attribute here is, that holds the whole HTML representation of the article content. Besides that holds separately categories, links, images, sections, templates and other "parts" of the article as variables. Moreover, it holds information relevant for caching – cache time, expiry and revision. An example of object can be found on the figure ParserOutput. After the is produced, the values of its attributes are set to the  object.

Cache the output of parsing
In order to optimize the performance of MediaWiki and not to parse every time the wikitext into HTML, the can be cached. There are 2 PHP files in the parser directory which relate to mechanism of caching: ParserCache.php and CacheTime.php. When is being created it is done so using some. There are more than 30 options and they can be found in the class. Example of such options would be:


 * – specifies date format
 * – specifies which language to call for plural and grammar
 * – specifies whether to enable limit report in an HTML comment on output
 * – specifies whether headings should be automatically numbered
 * – specifies thumb size preferred by user

All of these options are taken into account when producing the and some of them are critical for creation of the cache.

After the wikitext is parsed and is created (in ), the output will be cached if cache expiry > 0 and we are dealing with the latest revision of the article. For that function is called. The key to store the in cache is generated from the  and used. The options are hashed using in form of '!value' or '!*'. '!' means the beginning of a new option. '*' is placed when no value for this option is found. In the end the key for the cached will look this way:

key = buildings_en:pcache:idhash:31-0!*!0!!en!2

where


 * buildings_en – name of the database
 * pcache – constant for parser cache
 * 31 – page id
 * 0 – render key
 * !*!0!!en!2 – different options, 'en' for example stands for user language

After the key is created, the output is saved with. is the given back-end storage mechanism (memcached client or a BagOStuff derivative). It is set during the construction of by passing, which gets its value from global variable.

When a current revision of the page is requested and the request is not a redirect, client and file cache will be checked. If nor client, nor file cache are available and the variable is set to true, parser cache will be tried. The cache retrieval consists of 2 steps: getting from cache and getting the actual  cache using. is a object that holds in particular,  and. The key for getting the is generated from :

key=buildings_en:pcache:idoptions:31

where =31.

If can be found in cache and it is not expired, then we can get the. For that will be called. The coming from  will be hashed to become the part of the  as described before.

Now when the is available, it will be tried to retrieve the value for it from cache. If the cache is found, it is not expired and no different revision was requested, then the cached object will be returned and served further to the user. Otherwise false will be returned and the page will be parsed again.

As described before, are important for saving the cache. If a requested page was saved with different options than those required for retrieval, it will have to be parsed again. Following the example above, a user who has Spanish as his preferred language would get the following for exactly the same page:

buildings_en:pcache:idhash:30-0!*!0!!es!*!* As it has es standing for user language, the page has to be parsed again in order to provide correct representation. The Spanish user, for example, would then see 'Editar' instead of 'Edit' for editing sections of the page.

Provide parser functions
Parser function is any magic word, that takes parameters and returns calculated value based on these parameters. The Parser module implements the required functions and provides interface for using them. An example of a built in parser function would be PLURAL.

This page has been accessed NaN 110 timess

would become

This page has been accessed 110 times.

The parser functions can be accessed not only during the parsing of the articles written in wikitext, but at any point when the outcome of this function is needed. MediaWiki developers can implement additional parser functions by creating an extension. This way users will have more options for applying magic words with parameters suited to their specific needs.

Provide tag hooks
Markup of MediaWiki includes tags, that allow to delimit some text and process it in a special way depending on the meaning of the tag. There are 4 core tags in MediaWiki (nowiki, pre, gallery and html), that the parser can process automatically. That is the implementation of processing is built in the parser. The users, however, might want to extend the wiki markup and they can do so by introducing new tags. This can be done by implementing a tag extension and integrating it with parser. A tag extension would consist of a function, that will be called during parsing and that will render the tagged text into HTML.

Extract and replace sections when they are edited
MediaWiki provides the possibility to edit specific sections instead of editing the whole article. The extraction of the section and its replacement after it has been changed is done by the Parser module as well. The entry point for these operations would be and.

Implementation Information
Files related to the Parser module are placed in the parser directory, that can be found in includes --> parser. The directory consists of the main Parser.php file as well as 14 other separated files which implement supporting functionalities for parser.

Parser.php

 * Contains the core functionality of the Parser module.
 * The main entry point is that does the parsing of wikitext.
 * Other entry points:

CacheTime.php

 * Sets the time of caching.
 * Sets the time (in number of seconds) when the cache should expire and checks if it is expired.
 * Contains variable with  that were used to produce the.

CoreParserFunctions.php

 * Parser functions provided by MediaWiki core. These functions are registered for the Parser in.
 * Parser function is any magic word that takes one or more parameters. They are sometimes prefixed with hash to distinguish them from templates.
 * Example: – Returns the page identifier of the specified page.

CoreTagHooks.php

 * Tag hooks provided by MediaWiki core. These functions are registered for the Parser in.
 * Core tags are:
 * – works as normal html  tag and the text inside is not considered as wikitext (ignored by parser).
 * – text inside is not considered as wikitext (ignored by parser).
 * – images are displayed in rows and columns.
 * – only if is enabled, then the text inside is treated as raw HTML.

DateFormatter.php

 * Date formatter recognizes dates in plain text and formats them according to user preferences.

LinkHolderArray.php

 * Temporarily holds links of the wiki page. There are 2 types of links: and . At some point during parsing all internal and interwiki links from the wikitext are cut out and placed into this array with key-value pairs. Instead of cut out links the keys for the links are inserted in the wikitext.  At the right time real links correctly formated in HTML are placed back into the wiki page.

Parser_DiffTest.php

 * Fake parser that outputs the difference of two different parsers.

ParserCache.php

 * Handles caching of the :
 * generates cache key
 * saves in cache
 * retrieves from cache

ParserOptions.php

 * Holds options used to create.
 * Generates hashed options that will be used as a part of the key to store in cache.

ParserOutput.php

 * Represents the output of the parsing.
 * The main variable is which contains HTML text that will be rendered in browser.
 * Also has such variables as
 * – List of the full text of language links, in the order they appear
 * – Map of category names to sort keys
 * – Title text of the chosen language variant

Preprocessor.php

 * Interfaces for preprocessors (Preprocessor, PPFrame, PPNode).
 * Implementation classes can be set in configuration for Parser.

Preprocessor_DOM.php

 * Preprocessor using PHP's dom extension.
 * Contains several classes: Preprocessor_DOM (implements Preprocessor), PPDStack, PPDStackElement, PPDPart, PPFrame_DOM, PPTemplateFrame_DOM, PPCustomFrame_DOM, PPNode.
 * Main functionalities:
 * Preprocesses wikitext and returns a document tree.
 * Creates a PPFrame DOM object and calls its expand method to do the structure of the wiki page (creates new lines for sections and lists) and expands templates and parser functions.

Preprocessor_Hash.php

 * Preprocessor using PHP arrays

StripState.php

 * Holder for stripped items when parsing wikitext. 2 types of striped items: nowiki and general.
 * Holds these items as key-value pairs while parsing is done. These items are removed from wikitext and the keys are placed instead. When all the parsing is done the items are inserted back into the text.
 * This is done in order to leave nowikitext as it is while doing normal parsing of wikitext.

Tidy.php

 * HTML validation and correction.