Manual:MediaWiki architecture/cs

Od začátku byla MediaWiki vyvíjena speciálně jako software Wikipedie. Vývojáři pracovali na usnadnění opětovného použití uživateli třetích stran, ale vliv a zaujatost Wikipedie utvářely architekturu MediaWiki v celé její historii.

Wikipedia je jednou z deseti nejlepších webových stránek na světě, která v současnosti navštěvuje asi 400 milionů unikátních návštěvníků měsíčně. Získává více než 100 000 přístupů za sekundu. Wikipedie není komerčně podporována reklamami. Je zcela podporována neziskovou organizací Wikimedia Foundation, která se spoléhá na dary jako svůj primární model financování. To znamená, že MediaWiki musí nejen provozovat top ten web, ale také to dělat s omezeným rozpočtem. Pro splnění těchto požadavků má MediaWiki velký důraz na výkon, ukládání do mezipaměti a optimalizaci. Drahé funkce, které nelze na Wikipedii povolit, jsou buď vráceny nebo zakázány prostřednictvím konfigurační proměnné. Existuje nekonečná rovnováha mezi výkonem a funkcemi.

Vliv Wikipedie na architekturu MediaWiki není omezen na výkon. Na rozdíl od obecných CMS byla MediaWiki původně napsána pro velmi specifický účel: Podpora komunity, která vytváří a spravuje volně znovu použitelné znalosti na otevřené platformě. To například znamená, že MediaWiki nezahrnuje běžné funkce nacházející se v podnikových CMS (jako je snadný publikační postup nebo ACL), ale nabízí řadu nástrojů pro řešení spamu a vandalismu.

Potřeby a činy neustále se vyvíjející komunity účastníků Wikipedie tedy od začátku ovlivnily vývoj MediaWiki a naopak. Architektura MediaWiki byla mnohokrát ovlivněna iniciativami zahájenými nebo požadovanými komunitou, jako je vytvoření Wikimedia Commons nebo funkce Flagged Revisions. Vývojáři provedli velké architektonické změny, jako je preprocesor MediaWiki 1.12, protože způsob, jakým byla MediaWiki používána wikipedisty, to vyžadoval.

MediaWiki si také získala solidní externí uživatelskou základnu tím, že je od začátku open source software. Pravidelní uživatelé třetích stran vědí, že pokud tak vysoce profilovaný web jako Wikipedie používá MediaWiki, bude software udržován a vylepšován. MediaWiki se dříve skutečně zaměřovala na stránky Wikimedie, ale bylo vynaloženo úsilí, aby byla obecnější a lépe vyhovovala potřebám těchto uživatelů třetích stran. Například MediaWiki se dodává s vynikajícím webovým instalátorem, díky kterému je proces instalace mnohem méně bolestivý, než když se vše muselo dělat přes příkazový řádek a software obsahoval pevně zakódované cesty pro Wikipedii.

Přesto MediaWiki je a zůstává softwarem Wikipedie, což se projevuje v celé její historii a architektuře.



PHP
PHP bylo vybráno jako rámec pro software "Phase II" Wikipedie v roce 2001. MediaWiki od té doby organicky rostla a stále se vyvíjí. Většina vývojářů MediaWiki jsou dobrovolníci přispívající ve svém volném čase a v prvních letech jich bylo velmi málo. Některá rozhodnutí o návrhu softwaru nebo opomenutí se mohou při zpětném pohledu zdát nesprávná, ale je těžké kritizovat zakladatele za to, že neimplementovali nějakou abstrakci, která se nyní považuje za kritickou, když počáteční kódová základna byla tak malá a čas potřebný k jejímu vývoji tak krátký. .

Například MediaWiki používá názvy tříd bez předpon, což může způsobit konflikty, když vývojáři jádra PHP a PECL přidávají nové třídy. V důsledku toho musela být třída MediaWiki  přejmenována na , aby byla kompatibilní s PHP 5.3. Důsledné používání předpony pro všechny třídy (např. " ") by usnadnilo vložení MediaWiki do jiné aplikace nebo knihovny.

Spoléhat se na PHP pravděpodobně nebylo tou nejlepší volbou pro výkon, protože nemělo prospěch z vylepšení, která zaznamenaly některé jiné dynamické jazyky. Použití Java by bylo mnohem lepší pro výkon a zjednodušené škálování provádění pro úlohy údržby back-endu. Na druhou stranu je PHP velmi oblíbené, což usnadňuje nábor nových vývojářů.

I když MediaWiki stále obsahuje "ošklivý" starší kód, v průběhu let došlo k zásadním vylepšením a do MediaWiki byly během celé její historie zavedeny nové architektonické prvky. Zahrnují třídy,   a  , třídu   a hierarchii tříd  ,   a   hierarchii. MediaWiki začala bez těchto věcí, ale všechny podporují funkce, které existují od začátku. Mnoho vývojářů se zajímá především o vývoj funkcí a architektura často zůstává pozadu, aby ji později dohnala, protože náklady na práci s neadekvátní architekturou se projeví.

Zabezpečení
Vzhledem k tomu, že MediaWiki je platformou pro vysoce profilované weby, jako je Wikipedie, hlavní vývojáři a recenzenti kódu prosadili přísná bezpečnostní pravidla. Aby bylo psaní zabezpečeného kódu snazší, poskytuje MediaWiki vývojářům obálky kolem výstupu HTML a databázových dotazů, aby zvládli escapování. K vyčištění uživatelského vstupu se používá třída, která analyzuje data předaná v URL nebo prostřednictvím POSTed formuláře. Odstraňuje "magické uvozovky" lomítka, odstraňuje nelegální vstupní znaky a normalizuje sekvence Unicode. Falšování požadavků mezi weby (CSRF) se vyhýbá používání tokenů a skriptování mezi weby (XSS) ověřováním vstupů a únikovými výstupy, obvykle pomocí funkce PHP. MediaWiki také poskytuje (a používá) HTML sanitizer s třídou  a databázové funkce, které zabraňují vkládání SQL.

Konfigurace
MediaWiki nabízí stovky konfiguračních nastavení uložených v globálních proměnných PHP. Jejich výchozí hodnota je nastavena na  a správce systému je může přepsat úpravou.

MediaWiki bývala příliš závislá na globálních proměnných, včetně konfigurace a zpracování kontextu. Globals způsobují vážné bezpečnostní důsledky s funkcí  PHP (kterou MediaWiki od verze 1.2 nepotřebuje). Tento systém také omezuje potenciální abstrakce pro konfiguraci a ztěžuje optimalizaci procesu spouštění. Navíc je konfigurační jmenný prostor sdílen s proměnnými používanými pro registraci a kontext objektu, což vede k potenciálním konfliktům. Z uživatelského hlediska se kvůli globálním konfiguračním proměnným také zdá, že konfigurace a údržba MediaWiki je obtížná. Vývoj MediaWiki byl příběhem pomalu se přesouvajícího kontextu z globálních proměnných do objektů. Uložení kontextu zpracování do proměnných členů objektu umožňuje opakované použití těchto objektů mnohem flexibilnějším způsobem.



Databáze a textové úložiště


MediaWiki používá back-end relační databáze od Phase II softwaru. Výchozí (a nejlépe podporovaný) DBMS pro MediaWiki je MySQL, což je ta, kterou používají všechny stránky Wikimedie, ale jiné DBMS (jako PostgreSQL, Oracle a SQLite) mají implementace podporované komunitou. Sysadmin si může vybrat DBMS při instalaci MediaWiki a MediaWiki poskytuje jak databázovou abstrakci, tak vrstvu abstrakce dotazů, které vývojářům zjednodušují přístup k databázi.

Aktuální rozložení obsahuje desítky tabulek. Mnohé se týkají obsahu wikin (např.,  ,   a  ). Další tabulky obsahují mimo jiné data o uživatelích, mediálních souborech , ukládání do mezipaměti a interních nástrojích (  pro frontu úloh). Indexy a souhrnné tabulky jsou v MediaWiki široce používány, protože SQL dotazy, které skenují obrovské množství řádků, mohou být velmi cenné, zejména na stránkách Wikimedie. Neindexované dotazy obvykle nedoporučujeme.

Databáze prošla v průběhu let desítkami změn schématu, z nichž nejpozoruhodnější bylo oddělení ukládání textu a sledování revizí v MediaWiki 1.5.



V modelu 1.4 byl obsah uložen ve dvou důležitých tabulkách  (obsahující text a metadata aktuální revize stránky) a   (obsahující předchozí revize). Smazané stránky byly zachovány v. Když byla provedena úprava, předchozí aktuální revize byla zkopírována do tabulky  a nová úprava byla uložena do. Když byla stránka přejmenována, název stránky musel být aktualizován v metadatech všech  revizí, což mohla být dlouhá operace. Když byla stránka smazána, její položky v tabulkách  a   musely být před smazáním zkopírovány do tabulky. To znamenalo přesunout text všech revizí, které mohly být velmi rozsáhlé, a tím zabrat čas.

V modelu 1.5 byla metadata revize a text revize rozdělena: tabulky  a   byly nahrazeny   (metadata stránek),   (metadata pro všechny revize, staré nebo aktuální) a   (text všech revizí, staré, aktuální nebo smazáno). Nyní, když je provedena úprava, není třeba metadata revize kopírovat mimo tabulek: Stačí vložit nový záznam a aktualizovat ukazatel. Metadata revize již také nezahrnují název stránky, pouze její ID: To odstraňuje potřebu přejmenovávat všechny revize při přejmenování stránky.

Tabulka  ukládá metadata pro každou revizi, ale ne jejich text. Místo toho obsahují textové ID ukazující na tabulku, která obsahuje skutečný text. When a page is deleted, the text of all revisions of the page stays there and doesn't need to be moved to another table. The  table is composed of a mapping of IDs to text blobs; a flags field indicates if the text blob is gzipped (for space savings) or if the text blob is only a pointer to an external text storage. Wikimedia sites use a MySQL-backed external storage cluster with blobs of a few dozen revisions. The first revision of the blob is stored in full, and following revisions to the same page are stored as diffs relative to the previous revision; the blobs are then gzipped. Because the revisions are grouped per page, they tend to be similar, so the diffs are relatively small and gzip works well. The compression ratio achieved on Wikimedia sites nears 98%.

MediaWiki also has built-in support for load balancing, added as early as 2004 in MediaWiki 1.2 (when Wikipedia got its second server — a big deal at the time). The load balancer (MediaWiki's PHP code that decides which server to connect to) is now a critical part of Wikimedia's infrastructure, which explains its influence on some algorithm decisions in the code. The system administrator can specify in MediaWiki's configuration that there is one master database server, and any number of slave database servers; a weight can be assigned to each server. The load balancer will send all writes to the master, and will balance reads according to the weights. It also keeps track of the replication lag of each slave. If a slave's replication lag exceeds 30 seconds, it will not receive any read queries to allow it to catch up; if all slaves are lagged more than 30 seconds, MediaWiki will automatically put itself in read-only mode.

MediaWiki's "chronology protector" ensures that replication lag never causes a user to see a page that claims an action they've just performed hasn't happened yet. This is done by storing the master's position in the user's session if a request they made resulted in a write query. The next time the user makes a read request, the load balancer read this position from the session, and tries to select a slave that has caught up to that replication position to serve the request. If none is available, it will wait until one is. It may appear to other users as though the action hasn't happened yet, but the chronology remains consistent for each user.

Execution workflow of a web request
is the main access point for MediaWiki, and handles most requests processed by the application servers (i.e. requests that were not served by the caching infrastructure; see below). The code executed from  performs security checks, loads default configuration settings from , guesses configuration with   and then applies site settings contained in. It then instantiates a  object, and creates a   object  depending on the title and action parameters from the request.

can take a variety of action parameters in the URL request; the default action is, which shows the regular view of an article's content. For example, the request  displays the content of the article "Apple" on the English Wikipedia. Other frequent actions include  (to open an article for editing),   (to preview or save an article),   (to show an article's history) and   (to add an article to the user's watchlist). Administrative actions include  (to delete an article) and   (to prevent edits to an article).

is then called to handle most of the URL request. It checks for bad titles, read restrictions, local interwiki redirects, and redirect loops, and determines whether the request is for a normal or a special page.

Normal page requests are handed over to, to create an   object for the page , and then to  , which handles "standard" actions. Once the action has been completed,  finalizes the request by committing DB transactions, outputting the HTML and launching deferred updates through the job queue. commits the deferred updates and closes the task gracefully.

If the page requested is a Special page (i.e., not a regular wiki content page, but a special software-related page such as ),   is called instead of  ; the corresponding PHP script is then called. Special pages can do all sorts of magical things, and each has a specific purpose, usually independent of any one article or its content. Special pages include various kinds of reports (recent changes, logs, uncategorized pages) and wiki administration tools (user blocks, user rights changes), among others. Their execution workflow depends on their function.

Many functions contain profiling code, which makes it possible to follow the execution workflow for debugging, if profiling is enabled. Profiling is done by calling the  and   functions to respectively start and stop profiling a function; both functions take the function's name as a parameter. On Wikimedia sites, profiling is done for a percentage of all requests, to preserve performance. MediaWiki sends UDP packets to a central server that collects them and produces profiling data.

Assembly of a non-cached page
When viewing a page, HTML code may be taken from the cache (see below); if not, first the templates, parser functions and variables are expanded. This gives the expanded wikitext, an intermediate result which can be seen with Special:ExpandTemplates, and depends on:
 * the wikitext;
 * the templates directly or indirectly referred to;
 * the Parser functions directly or indirectly referred to;
 * the values of variables directly or indirectly referred to.

Next, this expanded wikitext is converted to HTML code; it is sent to the user, and contains references to CSS, JavaScript, and image files. The user can see this intermediate result by applying the "view source" option of the browser. The HTML code for a given page depends on:
 * the expanded wikitext;
 * the mode, such as viewing or editing (see below);
 * the existence of internally linked pages (gives view or edit link);
 * the skin and other user preferences ;
 * the user's name;
 * the status of the user (more links if a sysop, etc.);
 * the namespace (determines the link to the Talk page, or in the case of a Talk page, the page concerned);
 * whether the page is watched by the user (gives watch or unwatch link);
 * whether the user's Talk page has been recently edited (gives a message).

Finally, the browser renders the HTML, using the files it refers to. The result the user sees on the screen depends on:
 * the HTML code;
 * files referred to by the HTML code, such as embedded images, server-side CSS files, and JavaScript files;
 * the browser and browser settings, including possibly a local CSS file, and the screen resolution.

If JavaScript is responding to an event such as a mouse click, the page on the screen depends also on these events. This applies, for example, in the case of a sortable table.

When the user selects the edit tab, the wikitext itself is sent to them, of the whole page or of one section only. When the user presses Show preview, their new version of the wikitext is sent to the server, which sends the corresponding new version of the HTML code, which is rendered again and displayed above or below the user's new version of the wikitext (which the server has also returned). After possibly more changes and more previews, the user presses Save page, sending the user's "final" version to the server, which now records the edit and sends the HTML of the new version (again). In some cases an automatic conversion of wikitext also takes place in this stage.

Caching
MediaWiki itself is improved for performance because it plays a central role on Wikimedia sites, but it is also part of a larger operational ecosystem that has influenced its architecture. Wikimedia's caching infrastructure has imposed limitations in MediaWiki; developers worked around the issues, not by trying to shape Wikimedia's extensively optimized caching infrastructure around MediaWiki, but rather by making MediaWiki more flexible, so it could work within that infrastructure, without compromising on performance and caching needs.

On Wikimedia sites, most requests are handled by reverse caching proxies (Squids), and never even make it to the MediaWiki application servers. Squids contain static versions of entire rendered pages, served for simple reads to users who aren't logged in to the site. MediaWiki natively supports Squid and Varnish, and integrates with this caching layer by, for example, notifying them to purge a page from the cache when it has been changed. For logged-in users, and other requests that can't be served by Squids, Squid forwards the requests to the web server (Apache).

The second level of caching happens when MediaWiki renders and assembles the page from multiple objects, many of which can be cached to minimize future calls. Such objects include the page's interface (sidebar, menus, UI text) and the content proper, parsed from wikitext. The in-memory object cache has been available in MediaWiki since the early 1.1 version (2003), and is particularly important to avoid re-parsing long and complex pages.

Login session data can also be stored in memcached, which lets sessions work transparently on multiple front-end web servers in a load-balancing setup (Wikimedia heavily relies on load balancing, using LVS with PyBal).

Since version 1.16, MediaWiki uses a dedicated object cache for localized UI text; this was added after noticing that a large part of the objects cached in memcached consisted of UI messages localized into the user's language. The system is based on fast fetches of individual messages from constant databases (CDB), i.e. files with key-value pairs. CDBs minimize memory overhead and start-up time in the typical case; they're also used for the interwiki cache.

The last caching layer consists of the PHP opcode cache, commonly enabled to speed up PHP applications. Compilation can be a lengthy process; to avoid compiling PHP scripts into opcode every time they're invoked, a PHP accelerator can be used to store the compiled opcode and execute it directly without compilation. MediaWiki will "just work" with many accelerators such as APC, PHP accelerator.

Because of its Wikimedia bias, MediaWiki is optimized for this complete, multi-layer, distributed caching infrastructure. Nonetheless, it also natively supports alternate setups for smaller sites. For example, it offers an optional simplistic file caching system that stores the output of fully rendered pages, like Squid does. Also, MediaWiki's abstract object caching layer lets it store the cached objects in several places, including the file system, the database, or the opcode cache.

Like in many web applications, MediaWiki's interface has become more interactive and responsive over the years, mostly through the use of JavaScript. Usability efforts initiated in 2008, as well as advanced media handling (e.g. online editing of video files), called for dedicated front-end performance improvements.

To optimize the delivery of JavaScript and CSS assets, the ResourceLoader module was developed. Started in 2009, it was completed in 2011 and has been a core feature of MediaWiki since version 1.17. ResourceLoader works by loading JS and CSS assets on demand, thus reducing loading and parsing time for unused features, for example in older browsers. It also minifies the code, groups resources to save requests, and can embed images as data URIs.

Context and rationale
A central part of effectively contributing and disseminating free knowledge to all is to provide it in as many languages as possible. Wikipedia is available in more than 280 languages, and encyclopedia articles in English represent less than 20 % of all articles. Because Wikipedia and its sister sites exist in so many languages, it is important not only to provide the content in the readers' native language, but also to provide a localized interface, and effective input and conversion tools, so that participants can contribute content.

For this reason, localization and internationalization (l10n & i18n) are a central component of MediaWiki. The i18n system is pervasive, and impacts many parts of the software; it's also one of the most flexible and feature-rich. Translator convenience is usually preferred to developer convenience, but this is believed to be an acceptable cost.

MediaWiki is currently localized in more than 350 languages, including non-latin and right-to-left (RTL) languages, with varying levels of completion. The interface and content can be in different languages, and can have mixed directionality.

Content language
MediaWiki originally used per-language encoding, which led to a lot of issues; for example, foreign scripts could not be used in page titles. UTF-8 was adopted instead. Support for character sets other than UTF-8 was dropped in 2005, along with the major database schema change in MediaWiki 1.5; content must now be encoded in UTF-8.

Characters not available on the editor's keyboard can be customized and inserted via MediaWiki's, an interface message that appears below the edit window; its JavaScript version automatically inserts the character clicked into the edit window. The WikiEditor extension for MediaWiki, developed as part of a usability effort, merges special characters with the edit toolbar. Another extension, called "Narayam", provides additional input methods and key mapping features for non-ASCII characters.

Recent and future improvements include better support for right-to-left text, bidirectional text (LTR and RTL text on the same page) and WebFonts.

Interface language
Interface messages have been stored in PHP arrays of key-values pairs since the Phase III software was created. Each message is identified by a unique key, which is assigned different values across languages. Keys are determined by developers, who are encouraged to use prefixes for extensions; for example, message keys for the UploadWizard extension will start with, where   stands for MediaWiki extension.

MediaWiki messages can embed parameters provided by the software, which will often influence the grammar of the message. In order to support virtually any possible language, MediaWiki's localization system has been improved and complexified over time to accommodate their specific traits and exceptions, often considered oddities by English speakers.

For example, adjectives are invariable words in English, but languages like French require adjective agreement with nouns. If the user profile has gender preferences set, the  switch can be used in interface messages to appropriately address them (more info). Other switches include, for "simple" plurals and languages like Arabic with dual, trial or paucal numbers, and  , providing grammatical transformation functions for languages like Finnish whose grammatical cases cause alterations or inflections.

The gender distinction can also be used in gender-dependent user namespace names, so that the title and URL of the page refers to the user correctly. Standard MediaWiki namespaces' gender variants are defined via  in each language's MessagesXx.php, while  can be used for wiki-specific namespaces. As of, 13 languages use this feature by default: , , , , , , , , , , , ,.

Localizing messages
Localized interface messages for MediaWiki reside in  files, where   is the ISO-639 code of the language (e.g.   for French); default messages are in English and stored in. MediaWiki extensions use a similar system, or host all localized messages in an  file. Along with translations, Message files also include language-dependent information such as date formats.

Contributing translations used to be done by submitting PHP patches for the  files. In December 2003, MediaWiki 1.1 introduced "database messages", a subset of wiki pages in the MediaWiki namespace containing interface messages. The content of the wiki page  is the message's text, and overrides its value in the PHP file. Localized versions of the message are at, e.g..

This feature has allowed power users to translate (and customize) interface messages locally on their wiki, but the process doesn't update i18n files shipping with MediaWiki. In 2006, Niklas Laxström created a special, heavily hacked MediaWiki website (now hosted at ) where translators can easily localize interface messages in all languages, simply by editing a wiki page. The  files are then updated in the MediaWiki code repository, where they can be automatically fetched by any wiki, and updated using the LocalisationUpdate extension. On Wikimedia sites, database messages are now only used for customization, and not for localization any more. MediaWiki extensions and some related programs, such as bots, are also localized at translatewiki.net.

To help translators understand the context and meaning of an interface message, it is considered a good practice in MediaWiki to provide documentation for every message. This documentation is stored is a special Message file, with the  language code, which doesn't correspond to a real language. The documentation for each message is then displayed in the translation interface on translatewiki.net. Another helpful tool is the  language code: when used with the   parameter to display a wiki page (e.g.  ), MediaWiki will display the message keys instead of their values in the user interface; this is very useful to identify which message to translate or change.

Registered users can set their own interface language in their preferences, in which case it overrides the site's default interface language. MediaWiki also supports fallback languages: if a message isn't available in the chosen language, it will be displayed in the closest possible language, and not necessarily in English. For example, the fallback language for Breton is French.

Users
Users are represented in the code using instances from the  class, which encapsulates all of the user-specific settings (user id, name, rights, password, email address, etc.). Client classes use accessors to access these fields; they do all the work of determining whether the user is logged in, and whether the requested option can be satisfied from cookies or whether a database query is needed. Most of the settings needed for rendering normal pages are set in the cookie to minimize use of the database.

MediaWiki provides a very granular permissions system, with basically a user permission for every possible action. For example, to perform the "Rollback" action (i.e. to "quickly rollback the edits of the last user who edited a particular page"), a user needs the  permission, included by default in MediaWiki's   user group. But it can also be added to other user groups, or have a dedicated user group only providing this permission (this is the case on the English Wikipedia, with the  group). Customization of user rights is done by editing the  array in  ; for instance,   allows all registered users to rename files. A user can belong to several groups, and inherits the highest rights associated with each of them.

However, MediaWiki's user permissions system was really designed with Wikipedia in mind, i.e. a site whose content is accessible to all, and only certain actions are restricted to some users. MediaWiki lacks a unified, pervasive permissions concept; it doesn't provide traditional CMS features like restricting read or write access by namespace, category, etc. A few MediaWiki extensions provide such features to some extent.

Content structure
The concept of namespaces was used in the UseModWiki era of Wikipedia, where talk pages were at the title "[article name]/Talk". Namespaces were formally introduced in Magnus Manske's first "PHP script". They were reimplemented a few times over the years, but have kept the same function: to separate different kinds of content. They consist of a prefix, separated from the page title by a colon (e.g.  or   and  ); the main content namespace has no prefix. Wikipedia users quickly adopted them, and they provided the community with different spaces to evolve. Namespaces have proven to be an important feature of MediaWiki, as they create the necessary preconditions for a wiki's community and set up meta-level discussions, community processes, portals, user profiles, etc.

The default configuration for MediaWiki's main content namespace is to be flat (no subpages), because it's how Wikipedia works, but it is trivial to enable them. They are enabled in other namespaces (e.g., where people can for instance work on draft articles) and display breadcrumbs.

Namespaces separate content by type; within a same namespace, pages can be organized by topic using categories, a pseudo-hierarchical organization scheme introduced in MediaWiki 1.3.

Content processing: MediaWiki markup language & Parser
The user-generated content stored by MediaWiki isn't in HTML, but in a markup language specific to MediaWiki, sometimes called "wikitext". It allows users to make formatting changes (e.g. bold, italic using quotes), add links (using square brackets), include templates, insert context-dependent content (like a date or signature), and make an incredible number of other magical things happen.

To display a page, this content needs to be parsed, assembled from all the external or dynamic pieces it calls, and converted to proper HTML. The parser is one of the most essential parts of MediaWiki, which also makes it difficult to change or improve. Because hundreds of millions of wiki pages worldwide depend on the parser to continue outputting HTML the way it always has, it has to remain extremely stable.

The markup language wasn't formally spec'd from the beginning; it started based on UseModWiki's markup, then morphed and evolved as needs have demanded. For example, the usage of a ThreadMode format for discussions made Magnus Manske implement the 3 or 4 tildes ( ~ ) as a shortcut to sign one's posts in unstructured text. Tildes were chosen as it resembled his father's hand-written signature.

In the absence of a formal specification, the MediaWiki markup language has become a complex and idiosyncratic language, basically only compatible with MediaWiki's parser; it can't be represented as a formal grammar using BNF, EBNF or ANTLR syntaxes. The current parser's specification is jokingly referred to as "whatever the parser spits out from wikitext, plus a few hundred test cases".

There have been many attempts at alternative parsers, but none has succeeded so far. In 2004, an experimental tokenizer was written by Jens Frank to parse wikitext, and enabled on Wikipedia; it had to be disabled three days later, because of the poor performance of PHP array memory allocations. Since then, most of the parsing has been done with a huge pile of regular expressions, and a ton of helper functions. The wiki markup, and all the special cases the parser needs to support, have also become considerably more complex, making future attempts even more difficult.

A notable improvement was Tim Starling's preprocessor rewrite in MediaWiki 1.12, whose main motivation was to improve the parsing performance on pages with complex templates. The preprocessor converts wikitext to an XML DOM tree representing parts of the document (template invocations, parser functions, tag hooks, section headings, and a few other structures), but can skip "dead branches" in template expansion, such as unfollowed  cases and unused defaults for template arguments. The parser then iterates through the DOM structure and converts its content to HTML.

Recent work on a visual editor for MediaWiki has made it necessary to improve the parsing process (and make it faster), so work has resumed on the parser and intermediate layers between MediaWiki markup and final HTML (see Future, below).

Magic words and templates
MediaWiki offers "Magic words" that modify the general behavior of the page or include dynamic content into it. They consist of: behavior switches like  (to hide the automatic table of content) or   (to tell search engines not to index the page); variables like   or  ; and parser functions, i.e. magic words that can take parameters, like   (to output   in lowercase). Constructs like,   and  , used to localize the UI, are parser functions.

The most common way to include content from other pages in a MediaWiki page is to use templates. Templates were really intended to be used to include the same content on different pages, e.g. navigation panels or maintenance banners on Wikipedia articles; having the ability to create partial page layouts and reuse them in thousands of articles with central maintenance made a huge impact on sites like Wikipedia.

However, templates have also been used (and abused) by users for a completely different purpose. MediaWiki 1.3 made it possible for templates to take parameters that change their output; the ability to add a default parameter (introduced in MediaWiki 1.6) enabled the construction of a functional programming language implemented on top of PHP, which was ultimately one of the most costly features in terms of performance.

Tim Starling then developed additional parser functions (the ParserFunctions extension), as a stopgap measure against insane constructs created by Wikipedia users with templates. This set of functions included logical structures like  and , and other functions like   (to evaluate mathematical expressions) and   (for time formatting).

Soon enough, Wikipedia users started to create even more complex templates using the new functions, which considerably degraded the parsing performance on template-heavy pages. The new preprocessor introduced in MediaWiki 1.12 (a major architectural change) was implemented to partly remedy this issue. Later, MediaWiki developers discussed the possibility of using an actual scripting language to improve performance. The Lua extension was added in February of 2013.

Media files
Users upload files through the  page; administrators can configure the allowed file types through an extension whitelist. Once uploaded, files are stored in a folder on the file system, and thumbnails in a dedicated  directory.

Because of Wikimedia's educational mission, MediaWiki supports file types that may be uncommon in other web applications or CMSes, like SVG vector images, and multipage PDFs & DjVus. They are rendered as PNG files, and can be thumbnailed and displayed inline, as are more common image files like GIFs, JPGs and PNGs.

When a file is uploaded, it is assigned a  page containing information entered by the uploader; this is free text, which usually includes copyright information (author, license) and items describing or classifying the content of the file (description, location, date, categories, etc.). While private wikis may not care much about this information, on media libraries like Wikimedia Commons they are critical to organise the collection and ensure the legality of sharing these files. It has been argued that most of these metadata should, in fact, be stored in a queryable structure like a database table. This would considerably facilitate search, but also attribution and reuse by third parties — for example, through the API.

Most Wikimedia sites also allow "local" uploads to each wiki, but the community tries to store freely-licensed media files in Wikimedia's free media library, Wikimedia Commons. Any Wikimedia site can display a file hosted on Commons as if it were hosted locally. This custom avoids having to upload a file to every wiki to use it there.

As a consequence, MediaWiki natively supports foreign media repositories, i.e., the ability to access media files hosted on another wiki through its API and the  system. Since version 1.16, any MediaWiki website can easily use files from Wikimedia Commons through the  feature. When using a foreign repository, thumbnails are stored locally to save bandwidth. However, it is not (yet) possible to upload to a foreign media repository from another wiki.

Levels
MediaWiki's architecture provides different ways to customize and extend the software. This can be done at different levels of access: External programs can also communicate with MediaWiki through its machine API, if it's enabled, basically making any feature and data accessible to the user.
 * System administrators can install extensions and skins, and configure the wiki's separate helper programs (e.g. for image thumbnailing and TeX rendering) and global settings (see Configuration above).
 * Wiki sysops (sometimes called "administrators" too) can edit site-wide gadgets, JavaScript and CSS settings.
 * Any registered user can customize their own experience and interface using their preferences (for existing settings, skins and gadgets) or make their own modifications (using their personal JS and CSS pages).

JavaScript and CSS
MediaWiki can read and apply site-wide or skin-wide JavaScript and CSS using custom wiki pages; these pages are in the  namespace, and thus can only be edited by sysops; for example, JavaScript modifications from   apply to all skins, CSS from   applies to all skins, but   only applies to users with the Vector skin.

Users can do the same types of changes, which will only apply to their own interface, by editing subpages of their user page (e.g.  for JavaScript on all skins,   for CSS on all skins, or   for CSS modifications that only apply to the Vector skin).

If the Gadgets extension is installed, sysops can also edit gadgets, i.e. snippets of JavaScript code providing features that can be turned on and off by users in their preferences. Upcoming developments on gadgets will make it possible to share gadgets across wikis, thus avoiding duplication.

This set of tools has had a huge impact and greatly increased the democratization of MediaWiki's software development. Individual users are empowered to add features for themselves; power users can share them with others, both informally and through globally-configurable sysop-controlled systems. This framework is ideal for small, self-contained modifications, and presents a lower barrier of entry than heavier code modifications done through hooks and extensions.

Extensions and skins
When JavaScript and CSS modifications are not enough, MediaWiki provides a system of hooks that let third-party developers run custom PHP code before, after, or instead of MediaWiki code for particular events. MediaWiki extensions use hooks to plug into the code.

Before hooks existed in MediaWiki, adding custom PHP code meant modifying the core code, which was neither easy nor recommended. The first hooks were proposed and added in 2004 by Evan Prodromou; many more have been added over the years when needed. Using hooks, it is even possible to extend MediaWiki's wiki markup with additional capabilities, using tag extensions.

The extension system isn't perfect: extension registration is based on code execution at startup, rather than cacheable data, which limits abstraction and optimization and hurts MediaWiki's performance. But overall, the extension architecture is now a fairly flexible infrastructure that has helped make specialized code more modular, keeping the core software from expanding (too) much, and making it easier for third-party users to build custom functionality on top of MediaWiki.

Conversely, it's very difficult to write a new skin for MediaWiki without reinventing the wheel. In MediaWiki, skins are PHP classes each extending the parent  class; they contain functions that gather the information needed to generate the HTML. The long-lived "MonoBook" skin was difficult to customize because it contained a lot of browser-specific CSS to support old browsers; editing the template or CSS required many subsequent changes to reflect the change for all browsers and platforms.

API
The other main access point for MediaWiki, besides, is  , used to access its machine-readable query API (Application Programming Interface).

Wikipedia users originally created "bots" that worked by screen scraping the HTML content served by MediaWiki; this method was very unreliable and broke many times. To improve this situation, developers introduced a read-only interface (located at ), which then evolved into a full-fledged read and write machine API providing direct, high-level access to the data contained in the MediaWiki database.

Client programs can use the API to login, get data, and post changes. The API supports thin web-based JavaScript clients and end-user applications. Almost anything that can be done via the web interface can basically be done through the API. Client libraries implementing the MediaWiki API are available in many languages, including Python and .NET.

Future
What started as a summer project done by a single volunteer PHP developer has grown into MediaWiki, a mature, stable wiki engine powering a top-ten website with a ridiculously small operational infrastructure. This has been made possible by constant optimization for performance, iterative architectural changes and a team of awesome developers.

The evolution of web technologies, and the growth of Wikipedia, call for ongoing improvements and new features, some of which require major changes to MediaWiki's architecture. This is, for example, the case for the ongoing visual editor project, which has prompted renewed work on the parser and on the wiki markup language, the DOM and final HTML conversion.

MediaWiki is a tool that is used for varied purposes. Within Wikimedia projects, for instance, it's used to create and curate an encyclopedia (Wikipedia), to power a huge media library (Wikimedia Commons) or to transcribe scanned reference texts (Wikisource); and so on. In other contexts, MediaWiki is used as a corporate CMS, or as a data repository, sometimes combined with a semantic framework. These specialized uses that weren't planned for will probably continue to drive constant adjustments to the software's internal structure. As such, MediaWiki's architecture is very much alive, just like the immense community of users it supports.