Help:Templates/vi

Nếu có những đoạn văn bản mà bạn muốn chèn vào nhiều trang khác nhau, tính năng tiêu bản của MediaWiki đáp ứng yêu cầu này (giống như bảng ở bên trên được chèn vào tất cả các trang của không gian tên trợ giúp). Unlike extensions and media files, there is no central repository for templates. Templates can be newly written or to save duplicating work already done, exported from another wiki e.g. Wikipedia, and then imported into the target wiki.

Tạo tiêu bản
Templates are standard wiki pages whose content is designed to be transcluded (embedded) inside other pages. Templates follow a convention that the name is prefixed with " ", assigning it to that namespace; besides this, you can create them like any other wiki page.

The simplest use of templates is as follows. If you create a page called "Template:Welcome" with contents:

Hello! Welcome to the wiki.

you'll have created your first template! If you then insert the code:

in any other page, when that page is viewed the text "Hello! Welcome to the wiki." will appear instead of. The template content is "transcluded" into the other page, i.e. it is integrated in the page.

You can then insert  at any point of any page where you wish to welcome someone. Suppose it is used in 100 pages. If you then change the template contents to:

Hi there! Welcome to this wonderful wiki.

and revisit any of the 100 pages where the template was used, you'll see the new text instead of the original one. In this way, you have changed the content of 100 pages without editing them, because the template is transcluded into these pages.

This is the basic mechanism. There are several additional features of transclusion that enrich this mechanism and make templates very useful.

Sử dụng tiêu bản
Tiêu bản là các trang có thể được sử dụng trong các trang khác theo ba cách:


 * : chèn nội dung của tiêu bản khi trang chứa nó được hiển thị. Theo cách này, khi tiêu bản được sửa chữa thì nội dung trang gọi nó cũng tự động cập nhật theo.
 * : chèn mã tiêu bản vào đoạn mã của trang gọi nó sau khi trang này được lưu. Gọi tiêu bản theo cách này khiến trang không thể tự cập nhật khi tiêu bản được thay đổi.
 * — this was introduced to allow for substitution that doesn't break transclusion, see w:en:Help:Substitution.
 * : khi trang chứa được hiển thị, nội dung mã wikitext của tiêu bản được chèn vào giống như được đặt trong cặp thẻ.

In fact, an ordinary wiki page can also be used as a template, simply by specifying the namespace it resides in, so:


 * includes
 * includes
 * includes
 * replaces itself with the contents of

If no such namespace exists, the full title is assumed to be a template:


 * includes

Sử dụng tham số trong tiêu bản
To enrich the mechanism of transclusion, MediaWiki allows parameters to be passed to a template when it is transcluded. Parameters allow the template to produce different contents or have different behaviors.

Suppose you wish to insert a little thank you note in the talk page of other users, such as:

The thank you note will have a reason (in this case, "all your effort") and a signature ("Me"). Your objective is that any user be able to thank any other user, for any reason whatsoever.

So that the note will look similar everywhere it is used, you can define a template called Template:Thankyou, for example. Although the note should look similar whenever a user thanks another user, its specific contents (i.e. the reason and the signature) will be different. For that reason, you should pass them as parameters. If we ignore the remaining elements to format the box and place the image, the core content of the template will be this:

A little thank you... for. hugs,

Notice the use of  and. This is the way to identify, within templates, the parameters that will be passed in when the template is used. Note that, within the template, each parameter is surrounded by three braces:. This is different from normal template name usage.

When using the template on a page, you fill in the parameter values, separated by a "pipe" character. MediaWiki allows parameters to be passed to the template in three ways: Anonymously, Numbered, and Named.

Anonymous parameters
To pass in anonymous parameters, list the values of those parameters sequentially:

In this case, the  template receives parameters   and , producing:

The order in which anonymous parameters are passed in is crucial to its behavior. Reversing the order of the parameters, like so:

would produce this result:

Note: identifying parameters by order (with, etc) works only with anonymous parameters. If your page identifies any parameter by number or name, as shown below, this method will no longer be available to the template which receives them.

Note: If an equal sign appears inside an anonymous template parameter, it may be interpreted as a named parameter, treating the text before the equal sign as the parameter name and the text after it as the value. This is a common problem when you need to include an external link, or an HTML element with attributes (see Task 16235) The workaround is to use named parameters instead, or even numbered parameters as explained in the following section.

Tiêu bản với tham số vô danh
To pass in parameters by number, identify each parameter when passing it:

This time, template  receives parameters   and , though they have been supplied in inverse order, and produces:

Với tham số được đặt tên
The third way of passing parameters is by name, instead of numbers. In this case, the template contents would be changed to:

A little thank you... for. hugs,

Within the template, we use  and   to identify each parameter, instead of a number. To pass these parameters by name, identify each parameter when passing it:

In this case, template  receives parameters   and   and produces:

The advantage of using named parameters in your template, besides also being flexible in the order parameters can be passed, is that it makes the template code much easier to understand if there are many parameters.

Default values
If you transclude a template that expects parameters, but do not provide them, in this way:

in the numbered parameters example above you would get the following:

Since no parameters were passed in, the template presents the parameters themselves, instead of their respective values. In these cases, it may be useful to define default values for the parameters, i.e. values that will be used if no value is passed in. For example, if the template contents are changed to:

A little thank you... for. hugs,

then  defines that if no parameter   is provided, then the value   will be used. Similarly,, defaults parameter   to value. Now, transcluding the template again without passing any parameter, results in the following:

Điều khiển sự chèn tiêu bản
Bạn hãy dùng các thẻ  và.

Bất cứ thứ gì nằm giữa cặp thẻ  và   chỉ được xử lý và hiển thị khi trang được xem trực tiếp, không phải khi nó được chèn. Ứng dụng khả dĩ của thẻ này là:


 * Phân loại tiêu bản
 * Liên kết đến các tiêu bản tương tự thuộc các ngôn ngữ khác
 * Giải thích cách sử dụng tiêu bản

Ngược lại là cặp thẻ  và. Bất cứ thứ gì nằm giữa cặp thẻ này chỉ được xử lý và hiển thị khi tiêu bản được chèn vào một trang khác. Các ứng dụng dễ thấy của thẻ này :


 * Khiến tất cả các trang sử dụng tiêu bản được phân loại vào cùng một nhóm. Lưu ý rằng nếu bạn thay đổi thể loại trong một tiêu bản, thể loại của các trang sử dụng nó vẫn không thay đổi cho đến khi các trang đó được sửa chữa.
 * Một số tiêu bản chỉ hiển thị đúng khi nó được chèn vào một trang nào đó

Everything outside  and   is processed and displayed normally; that is, both when the template page is being viewed directly and when the template is included in another page. The focus is on what is inside these two tags.

Everything outside  tags is discarded in the transclusion. Even sections tagged includeonly are discarded in the transclusion unless they are also tagged as onlyinclude. The focus is on what is outside this tag.

The three partial transclusion tags enable all possible combinations of what is processed and rendered. Comments also fill a role.

Tổ chức tiêu bản
Để tiêu bản có ích, người sử dụng cần tìm thấy và có thể sử dụng nó. Một kĩ thuật đơn giản là ghi lại lời giải thích cùng ví dụ trên trang tiêu bản.

To find them, users can:
 * 1) Click ' > '
 * 2) In the ' list, choose Template and click '.

Ví dụ:

Cách sử dung
Hiển thị một lời cảm ơn đến người bạn của bạn:

Then, an editor can simply copy and paste the example to use the template.

Linking to a template
To link to a template instead of including it, use the tl template. The name of the template the editor wants to link to goes after the vertical pipe. For example: links to the navbar template.

Copying from one wiki to another
Templates often require CSS or other templates, so users frequently have trouble copying templates from one wiki to another. The steps below should work for most templates.

MediaWiki code
If you have import rights (Specifically importupload) on the new wiki:
 * 1) Go to Special:Export on the original wiki, and download an .xml file with the complete history of all necessary templates, as follows:
 * 2) * Enter the name of the template in the big text box, e.g. "Template:Welcome". Pay special attention to capitalization and special characters — if the template name isn't exactly correct, the export may still occur but the .xml file will not have the expected data.
 * 3) * Check the box "".
 * 4) * Uncheck the box "".
 * 5) * Click "".
 * 6) Go to Special:Import on the new wiki and upload the .xml file.

If you don't have import rights on the new wiki:


 * 1) Go to the template you want to copy from the original wiki. Go to the edit page, and copy all the wikitext
 * 2) On the new wiki, go to the page with the same name as the template you copied. Hit create/edit and paste the wikitext you copied. In the edit summary of each template, link to the original page for attribution.
 * 3) Back in the original wiki at the edit window, below the edit box, look at the list of "Templates used on this page". For each template listed follow these instructions. Also do that for any template used by any of these templates, and so on.

This will copy the entire code necessary, and will suffice for some templates. If it doesn't work also check for red links listed under "Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page:", below the edit box. If there are any repeat the above steps for these as well.

After sucessfully importing the template and all its linked templates from the other wiki, edit it to change customisations to suit your wiki. For example to change a logo, remove redundant categories or red links.

Extensions
An extension often used in templates is ParserFunctions. Visit page and check if any of the functions listed there are used in the templates you've copied. If so, you have to install the. To install it, you'll need system admin access to the server of your MediaWiki installation.

Another dependency that may be used in templates, especially those on Wikipedia, is Lua. Having  in template code is a good sign for it. In case it's used, you need to install the and system admin access is required too. See that page for more instructions about installing and using the extension.

CSS and JavaScript code
Besides MediaWiki code, many templates make use of CSS and some rely on JavaScript to work fully. If the copied templates are not behaving as expected, this may be the cause. To copy the required CSS and JavaScript to your wiki you'll normally need to have admin privileges, because you'll be editing system messages in the "MediaWiki:" namespace.


 * 1) Look for the use of CSS classes (text like  ) in the template text. If those classes appear in "MediaWiki:Common.css" or "MediaWiki:Monobook.css" on the original wiki, copy those classes to "MediaWiki:Common.css" on the new wiki and check if the template is now fine.
 * 2) If the copied template is still not working as expected, check if there is code in "MediaWiki:Common.js" or "MediaWiki:Monobook.js" on the original wiki. If so, you can try copying it to "MediaWiki:Common.js" on the new wiki. Normally, it is a good idea to only copy code from trusted sources, and first browsing the code to identify and select the parts that are relevant. You may find comments that can serve as clues to identify the functionality of each part.

Note
Experiment shows that if you include a template in itself, it won't put MediaWiki into an infinite recursion. MediaWiki will find out, and stop with the template's name in bold. For example, if the content of "Template:Aaaa" is " ", it'll show as "Template:Aaaa".

Đọc thêm

 * – a template special use case example
 * – fancy stuff you may find in some templates
 * m:Help:Template – contains a much more thorough manual on how exactly templates function
 * m:Help:Advanced templates – describes even more advanced techniques such as dynamic template calls and variable variables
 * m:Help:Embed page – embedding pages from namespaces other than.
 * Importing Wikipedia infoboxes tutorial
 * m:Help:Embed page – embedding pages from namespaces other than.
 * Importing Wikipedia infoboxes tutorial