Page Previews/it

La funzione Anteprima delle pagine risolve il principale problema degli utenti i quali prima erano costretti ad aprire più schede per comprendere una parola o un concetto nel contesto dell'argomento che stanno cercando di approfondire. Con l'anteprima delle pagine, ogni volta che un lettore passa con il mouse sopra un collegamento ad un'altro articolo, un breve dell'argomento e un'immagine (se disponibile) saranno visualizzati. L'utente può quindi decidere se desidera visitare l'argomento in modo più approfondito prima di continuare a leggere l'articolo corrente. Una completa descrizione del funzionamento delle anteprime delle pagine può essere trovata qui. Una panoramica di tutta la documentazione tecnica correlata è contenuta in questo post sul blog del maggio 2018.

La funzione Anteprime di riferimento (Reference Previews) è un progetto correlato. Mostra un'anteprima di una nota a piè di pagina ogni volta che un lettore passa con il mouse sopra l'indicatore della nota a piè di pagina. Una descrizione di questa funzionalità può essere trovata sulla pagina del relativo progetto.

Introduzione
Le anteprime delle pagine sono progettate per ridurre il costo dell'esplorazione di un collegamento, nonché per promuovere l'apprendimento consentendo ai lettori di ottenere il contesto sull'articolo che stanno leggendo o di definire un termine, un oggetto, un evento o un'idea non familiari senza allontanarsi dal loro argomento originale. Per i lettori occasionali, la possibilità di vedere l'anteprima delle pagine consente di ottenere uno sguardo sull'articolo rendendo più facile per gli utenti la scelta di leggerlo o di non leggerlo. Gli utenti interessati a leggere un intero articolo non saranno distratti o scoraggiati dalla visualizzazione di concetti non familiari: possono semplicemente visualizzare in anteprima il concetto senza passare in una nuova pagina. Di conseguenza, la fluidità dell'user experience per questi utenti sarà aumentata.

Ci sono state molteplici richieste nel corso degli anni per una funzionalità simile; esistono estensioni del browser (vedi questa lista) e un gadget molto utilizzato (il più incentrato sulle attività di modifica Popup di navigazione) i quali sono stati creati anche per cercare di risolvere questo problema. Le anteprime delle pagine sono state inizialmente sviluppate all'inizio come funzionalità beta nel 2014 (chiamate Hovercard) e sono state una tra le nostre funzionalità beta più popolari in termini di adozione, feedback degli utenti e impatto sull'utilizzo. Nella pagina principale di discussione per Hovercards, nel corso di due anni, sono stati identificati e risolti numerosi problemi in tutti i progetti. L'equivalente per mobile di Page Previews, implementato nell'app Android nel settembre 2015, ha portato ad un'aumento del 20% dei collegamenti cliccati per pagina.

Il pannello delle preferenze di Page Previews consente agli utenti che non hanno eseguito il logout di abilitare e disabilitare la funzione in base alle proprie preferenze. Gli utenti loggati possono abilitare o disabilitare Page Previews dalla sezione Aspetto di Speciale:Preferenze. Se i popup di navigazione e le anteprime di pagina sono abilitati contemporaneamente (in genere, per gli utenti che hanno effettuato l'accesso tramite la funzione beta), i popup di navigazione hanno la precedenza. Per abilitare le anteprime di pagina i popup di navigazione devono essere disabilitati.



Design
Per la versione corrente di Page Previews, ogni anteprima contiene quanto segue:
 * Una parte del primo paragrafo dell'articolo
 * Un'immagine (se disponibile) dall'articolo. Le immagini appaiono orizzontali o verticali a seconda della posizione del collegamento all'interno dell'articolo.
 * Un ingranaggio che consente agli utenti di attivare e disattivare le anteprime delle pagine



Differenze chiave dai popup di navigazione

 * Navigation popups is for power users and has many features that are not relevant to most site users, such as quick links to meta-data pages like History, Diffs, and Usercontributions.
 * Navigation popups work for links to all namespaces, and on all Wikimedia projects. Page Previews is configured to only work with mainspace links, and currently only on Wikipedias.
 * Page Previews are styled to enable easy reading. Currently, Nav-popups' type-size is small and the margins are tight.
 * Le anteprime di pagina sono disponibili a tutti gli utenti, non solo a quelli loggati.
 * Page Previews use a visual style consistent with the article type treatment
 * Page Previews emphasize the lead images, so a user gets an idea of a term using both text and image.
 * The action set in the gadget feels out of context, hence we need to validate which of those actions are useful for readers and editors.



Anteprime HTML
A partire dal 1º marzo 2018, la funzionalità anteprima delle pagine consente di mostrare le anteprime in HTML. Ciò permette di risolvere molti bug in sospeso, fornisce una rappresentazione corretta di formule matematiche, chimiche o di altro tipo e garantisce che le anteprime mostrino la stessa formattazione del contenuto dell'articolo.

Preferenze


Abilita/Disabilita


Utenti non loggati
Gli utenti sloggati possono disabilitare le anteprime di pagine attraverso l'icona a forma di ingranaggio mostrata in basso in ogni anteprima. Se un utente desidera riabilitare le anteprime di pagina, esse possono essere abilitate tramite il link "" disponibile in basso ad una qualsiasi pagina wiki. Essi possono disabilitare JavaScript nel loro browser per disabilitarle permanentemente.



Utenti loggati
Logged-in users can control their settings from two places. They may enable or disable Page Previews from the Appearance section of Special:Preferences. Logged-in users may also turn Page Previews off via the cog-icon displayed at the bottom of each preview.
 * If a logged-in user clicks on the settings cog, the system will redirect them to the user preferences page.
 * If a user previously had the Hovercards beta feature enabled, their preference will be kept and appear in the Appearance section of user preferences.

Success Metrics and Feature Evaluation
A number of qualitative and quantitative tests were performed to evaluate the performance of the Page Previews feature. These tests were focused on the following questions:
 * Do users enjoy Page Previews and find them useful?
 * How do Page Previews change reading behavior and do they help users be more accurate when selecting the articles they wish to read?
 * Would launching the Page Previews feature have effects on fundraising?

2015 Greek and Catalan Wikipedia test
A feature test was implemented for a period of 4 months on Greek and Catalan Wikipedias. A number of issues and bugs were reported and user satisfaction was recorded using a survey. Users had generally favorable feedback, with the majority of users finding Page previews (Hovercards) useful, easy to use, and enjoyable to use.

Read the full results of these tests.

2016 Qualitative test
To determine user attitudes towards the Page Previews feature and trace further changes in reader behavior, an unmoderated remote panel study was performed using UserZoom software. The majority of participants reported positive attitudes to the Page Previews feature. In addition, the majority of participants had no issues in turning the feature on and off. Users also described the feature in generally positive terms and reported it was not distracting to their reading experience.

Read the full results and analysis of this test.

2016 A/B tests on Hungarian, Italian, and Russian Wikipedias
To determine changes in reading behavior and evaluate the success of the Page Previews (Hovercards) beta feature, three A/B tests were launched on Hungarian, Italian, and Russian Wikipedias. The A/B test on Hungarian was launched June 7, 2016, the A/B tests on Italian and Russian were launched Sept 23, 2016.

The results of these tests indicated that Page Previews facilitate positive changes in reading behavior by increasing the precision with which users select the pages they read, reducing the cost of exploration of other pages, and allowing users to selectively focus on a single topic by providing context within a page. During the process of collecting and analysing our data we ran into a number of bugs and issues within our instrumentation that allowed us to refine and improve, to ensure subsequent tests were issue-free.

Read the full results and analysis of these tests.

2017-2018 A/B tests on English and German Wikipedias
From October to November 2017 and December 2017 to February 2018, we ran two A/B tests to gauge the performance of the feature prior to release on these projects. The results, described in more detail in the report, displayed a decrease in pageviews, but an overall increase in the number of distinct pages that readers interact with, indicating that they are more likely to explore a larger variety of topics when the feature is on. We also noted decreased usage of the back button and very low rates of disabling the feature. In addition, we ran a number of fundraising tests on enwiki.

Improvements since English Wikipedia discussion from April 2016
During the discussion from April 2016, a number of bugs, improvements, and other requests were identified which we have addressed in the following ways:

Previews “getting stuck” in the open position


 * We have since refactored our code and this is no longer an issue

Bolded text and mathematical formulas not appearing within the preview


 * Currently, previews display in HTML and content is true to the article content

A means to disable the feature from the card itself


 * Logged-in and logged-out users can now disable the feature by selecting the settings gear within the card itself.

A means to make sure page previews do not interfere with navigational popups

Providing more thorough research and A/B test results, performing a large-scale A/B test on English Wikipedia
 * Logged-in users may either have navigational popups or page previews. If you’re a navpopups user, you will not be able to enable page previews unless you turn off navpopups first, and vice versa
 * Since the discussion, we have performed two series of A/B tests, the first on Hungarian, Russian, and Italian Wikipedias. And the second on English and German Wikipedias.

Limiting performance impact


 * We have worked with our performance team to minimize any issues page previews. A dashboard with detailed information on feature performance was created.

Providing a way to enable the feature for anonymous users only


 * This is ready as well. As of March 2018, the feature is enabled by default for anonymous users on all Wikipedias except English and German

Providing data on how often users disable the feature


 * For both of our 2017/18 A/B tests, the disable rate was around 0.01%. Because the rate had been similarly low in earlier A/B tests, we also did a qualitative test to confirm that users did not have problems enabling or disabling the feature.  Our conclusion is that people know how to turn the feature off without difficulty but do so at extremely low rates.

Providing information on whether the feature was considered a nuisance


 * Based on our qualitative testing, we concluded that tested users did not find the feature distracting, or a nuisance.



Pagine inibite
Per motivi di sicurezza, l'anteprima delle pagine non sarà caricata in alcune pagine speciali. Ci riferiamo a queste pagine come "pagine inibite". La versione iniziale di questo comportamento può essere trovata qui:.

Future Iterations and Potential Improvements
Following the general launch of Page Previews, we are planning on iterating on the feature to add functionality. These items will include:


 * Configuration of images and other settings:
 * a number of users have requested making images configurable within Page Previews. Request declined: https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148995
 * other logged out preferences (more info on preferences)
 * Article titles - currently, only the summary of the article is available within Page Previews. As an iteration, we would like to display the title of each article along with its summary
 * Reference Tooltips (phab:T67114). The project page for the Reference Previews feature has more details.

FAQ

 * Why Page Previews?
 * This is a feature intended to improve the experience for any reader who normally would have clicked on a blue link in Wikipedia because they needed an overview (definition) of that entity. It's inspired by one of the most popular gadgets, Navigation popups.


 * How do we measure Page Previews performance?
 * The theory of impact for Page Previews is that they lower the cost of exploring a link. This should mean that users are less inhibited and more focused when exploring links. We should see that the overall links clicked + (non-accidental) hovers exceed the number of links clicked without Page Previews. This is what success looks like. There are also some indications of failure that we will look for:


 * hovers can be accidental - we need to measure normal dwell time in a controlled condition to ensure that the likely rate of accidental hovers is not too high. To give an example, if a user must dwell on a link for 250 msecs before a hover shows, then we would want to make sure that there are not a large number of users who tend to dwell on a link for more than 250 msecs without clicking it.


 * Page Previews could lead to fewer page views, because the user gets the information that they need from the preview- this is not a problem, but we want to make sure that the decrease (if any) does not result in significantly less editing or fundraising.


 * the % of hovers that result in a user continuing to the page is high - this would suggest that most people wanted to go to the page anyway. If this is the case, then the hover is likely just adding an unnecessary step. We expect some significant % of click throughs for hovers. It is ~60% on Android for a similar feature, but we expect it to be lower on desktop.


 * the percentage of users who disable Page Previews is low (given that users are aware on how to disable the feature) - this suggests that users enjoy the feature.


 * Is this enabled by default for logged-in users?
 * No. If you had the feature enabled as a Beta feature you will still have the feature enabled. See Preferences>Appearance>Reading preferences to change the setting.


 * What if I have Navpops enabled by default?
 * If you have Navpops enabled, Page Previews are automatically disabled. You will have to disable Navpops in order to experience Page Previews. This is an intentional decision to ensure that Navpop users' do not have their preferences interrupted. Note: for certain browsers, you might have to clear your browser cache first for the change to take place.


 * How many options do I have in Page Previews preferences?
 * Right now, Page Previews will either be turned on or off by a user. The option to turn them off lives in each hover event. So at each hover event, a user can decide that they are no longer interested. For logged-in users, Page Previews may be re-enabled from user settings under the section titled "Appearance". For logged-out users, Page Previews may be re-enabled by selecting the "Enable Previews" link at the bottom of the page.

At the project level, administrators can determine how long a user should dwell on a link before a hover is triggered. If a project wants to be conservative, the lag can be longer. WMF will have a recommendation as to optimum dwell time that provides the best user experience while minimizing accidental hovers.


 * Why can't users just turn on Page Previews if they want them?
 * Unfortunately, there is no good way to tell users about a new feature without showing it to them first. Central notice banners have been suggested, but running them for 2 weeks would not solve the needs of future users and we do not want to run them continuously. Notifying a user of a new feature is best done using a...hover-over.


 * What impact to Page Previews have on page views?
 * According to A/B tests we did not see a large decrease in session depth across all Wikipedias. Average session depth (average number of pages viewed per session) remained relatively equal between the Previews on and off groups.


 * What about accessibility?
 * Page Previews only activate when the focus/hover state occurs over a link. They are usable for people who use keyboard navigation. For screen readers, Page Previews have proper WAI-ARIA semantics declaring them as tooltips. In short, screen reader software ignore Page Previews.


 * If I have Page Previews feedback or if I have a suggestion for making them better, where should I go?
 * Please go to the Page Previews discussion page.


 * The Page Previews continues to show an old version of a page. What can I do?
 * The Page Preview shows a cached version of a page. If the page has been edited and you want Page Previews to show the new version right away, you can purge the page.


 * How can I exclude certain page images?
 * See Extension:PageImages for details.

Code

 * Analytics and instrumentation
 * Page Previews were instrumented to measure various aspects of usage. Please see the extension page for details and feel free to ask any clarifying questions.


 * To measure content usage via Page Previews, in an aggregated way that is compatible with the existing Pageviews data, a separate instrumentation was set up that went live in April 2018. There are plans to make some of this data public for the benefit of e.g. Wikipedia editors and academic researchers.

Rollout Update July 2018
Page previews are now available on all Wikipedias. The feature is on by default for anonymous users and newly created accounts and off by default for accounts created before July 10, 2018.

Rollout Update April 2018
The next step of the rollout for English and German Wikipedias is planned for the first half of April 2018. This deployment will include turning the feature on by default for logged-out users. This will mean no changes for logged-in users. The feature will be off by default for logged-in editors, unless currently enabled. If you would like to enable it, it is available in your Preferences under “Appearance”. If you have the feature enabled already, it will stay on.

In terms of future changes for logged-in users, we have a few options we will be requesting feedback on:


 * Keep the feature off by default for logged-in users.
 * Turn the feature on by default for new accounts only. Currently, when users move from being readers to contributors and create an account, the feature will seem to vanish, and that would be confusing.  As a further step in the feature rollout, we plan to change this configuration and enable the feature for all new accounts.
 * Turn the feature on by default for existing logged-in users (Even if it were enabled for everyone, it would still be automatically suppressed for anyone who uses NAVPOPS.)

Rollout Plan
We began rolling out to Catalan, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, and Russian Wikipedias in early 2017. Data from the A/B tests represented highly favorable views of the feature. After this, we would like to continue rolling out in stages to other Wikipedias as described in the table below.

Onboarding Experience
The onboarding experience for the feature will depend on the consensus of each community on having Page Previews on by default or providing users with an onboarding experience during which they can reject the feature.



Pagine correlate

 * virtualpageview_hourly (documentation of a - so far internal - dataset recording aggregate frequencies of seen page previews)
 * Navigation popups - the editor-focused gadget, started in 2005 by Lupin, available at most wikis
 * WMF blog post - Hovercards now available as a Beta Feature on all Wikimedia wikis (March 2014)
 * The original specifications can be seen at File:NavigationPopups V1.pdf and Hovercards-phase-3 trello notes.
 * A list of similar browser extensions
 * Page Previews/API Specification - The API specification for Page Previews