Typography refresh/ru

Этот документ описывает произведённое в 2014 году обновление типографской разметки для скина по умолчанию, Vector, для проектов Викимедиа и программного обеспечения MediaWiki.

Общие сведения об изменениях
Мы приближали это обновление типографической разметки Викимедиа по умолчанию, учитывая следующие требования:

Читаемость: Шрифты должны быть читабельными и красивыми при любых размерах. Кроме того, они должны помогать отделять содержимое статьи от элементов интерфейса (таких, как навигация по сайту). Согласованность: Единство стиля для мобильной и полной версий. С учётом этого контекста мы внесли следующие изменения:
 * 1) Доступность шрифтов: Все шрифты, которые мы используем, должны быть доступны (или сделаны доступными) на всех платформах, на которых присутствуют проекты Викимедиа. Любой выбранный шрифт должен иметь возможность беспроблемного перехода на резервный вариант на всех платформах и устройствах (Mac OS X, Windows, Linux и мобильные операционные системы).
 * 2) Доступность данных: Содержимое сайтов Викимедиа должно быть легко доступно для всех, включая людей с ограниченными возможностями.


 * Новые спецификации шрифтов: Мы задали следующие семейства шрифтов: стили заголовков заданы на "Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif". Основной текст страниц был изначально задан как "Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif", но ввиду проблем на вики с нелатинскими символами проведён откат до "sans-serif", пока не найдётся решение лучше.


 * Обратите внимание, что эти списки не означают, что вы увидите все или какие-либо из этих шрифтов. Ваши браузер и ОС произведут поиск первого установленного (или имеющего «совпадающее» правило) шрифта и станут использовать его.


 * Новые значения размеров для заголовков, текста и межстрочных интервалов: С текущей шириной текста заголовкам нужно выделяться, а межстрочные интервалы должны быть достаточными, чтобы обеспечивать читаемость с минимальным напряжением глаз. Заголовки будут заданы на следующие значения: H1 (названия страниц) будут 1.3/1.8em, H2 (заголовки основных разделов) будут 1.3/1.4em, H3 будут 1.6/1.17em H4 — 1.6/1em, H5 — 1.6/1em. Размер шрифта основного текста увеличен до 0.875em (ранее 0.8em) В зависимости от вашего браузера и операционной системы, пиксельные значения могут стать немного различны, но размер шрифта основного текста будет в общем случае увеличен. Высоты строк надстрочного и подстрочного текста теперь заданы как 1, чтобы исправить давно существующую проблему с тем, что номера примечаний влияют на межстрочные интервалы.


 * Новый цвет шрифта основного текста: В шестнадцатеричных значениях цвет текста теперь  на , ранее   на  . Если говорить менее техническими терминами, это означает, что цвет изменился с чисто чёрного и чисто белого фона на очень тёмный серый и чистый белый фон. (Цвета ссылок, заголовков и других элементов не изменились.)

ЧаВо
Ниже приведены ответы на некоторые ключевые вопросы об этих изменениях.

Кто увидит эти изменения?
Все пользователи сайтов на MediaWiki 1.23, использующие скин по умолчанию Vector, включая читателей и редакторов. Разработка велась с учётом в основном читателей проектов Викимедиа, но стилистические отличия минимальны. Участники, использующие другой скин, например Monobook или Cologne Blue, через настройки или другой способ, не увидят никаких изменений.

Обратите внимание, что участники, которые или используют изменённый личный CSS, или используют сайт, на котором местными администраторами изменён CSS всего сайта, могут заметить несоответствия с новыми значениями по умолчанию. Просмотрите это описание и список часто задаваемых вопросов, чтобы посмотреть, относится ли данный элемент дизайна к этому изменению.

Какие вообще проблемы были у нашей типографической разметки?
Text is our core visual element of Wikimedia projects, whether it's an encyclopedia (like Wikipedia) or a smaller project like Wikisource and Wikibooks. We want our users to sense accuracy, reliability, and clarity from our design, just like the actual content they are reading. Prior to this typography update, we had more than 20 arbitrarily defined type sizes on desktop alone, which appeared inconsistent for our users. The type size was too small for many readers, and the line height could make reading long form content difficult. For headings, these should act as entry points in a long pages of text and were styled accordingly to aid readability. We sought to achieve better balance and cohesiveness for users to efficiently scan the page or engage in long form reading.

The functional problems with our older styles were first addressed via improvements to our mobile typography. That gave us a chance to test a larger type size, increased leading, and serif headings. Now, it is time to address readability and accessibility in all languages/projects, as well as create consistency in the design language across desktop, mobile web, and apps.

Is there a perfect font that meets our readability needs in all scripts? Do we think this is it?
No, there is no one perfect font which embodies... We have to make a practical decision based on what comes close to meeting all these requirements, within our constraints. Millions of users read Wikipedia on different devices every day. The current font selections will bring improved readability and consistency across platforms, even if they're not perfect.
 * 1) Ubiquity: i.e availability on all popular desktop and mobile operating systems.
 * 2) Proper rendering of glyphs and diacritics: for hundreds of non-Latin scripts, as well as good kerning for character pairs, so users do not have to squint to read characters.
 * 3) Respectable x-height: so type is legible at small sizes for things like left navigation, captions, terms of service or secondary information.
 * 4) Hinting: avoiding blurriness of characters at small sizes, particularly on Windows.

Why is the type size and leading increased?
This is a small, conservative change. The previous type size was unreadable to many users. We found through user feedback that text zooming was used extensively to make the text more readable for those with even basic vision issues or impairments. Since we endeavor to make the information accessible to all users, this change felt like a basic requirement for any improvement in this area. Along with the type size the leading has also been increased to 21px leading, following typographic standards for leading i.e 120% of the type size. This helps readers who go past the introduction and read long paragraphs.

The body copy is the focus of pages on Wikimedia projects. For most language projects the text size is small and dense with our current measure. The lack of airiness lends some efficiency but creates eye fatigue with extended reading. Also, under 14px is not recommended for non-Latin scripts. Words carry superscripts and glyphs which tend to get squashed and cannot be deciphered without squinting.

Why are we using serif fonts for the headings?
Combining serif and sans-serif is not an unusual or original idea. We do so in this case to provide better contrast and distinction between body and headings. Headings act as entry points when users are scanning a page, looking for information. Both headings and images play an important role in breaking up the visual monotony of the page, which is of critical importance considering that much of Wikimedia content (content pages, discussion pages, help text, policies, etc.) are quite lengthy and have many sections.

Why did we specify Linux Libertine, Georgia, and Times as the serif fonts?
Section titles are entry points into the article. A serif font provides visual differentiation and character compared to the body copy, which helps a user scan the page. Serif are also well-known for conveying a traditional demeanor that is in keeping with our design goals.

Linux Libertine is not widely available, but is a well-designed and free/open serif font that is also used in the Wikipedia logo. This makes it a ubiquitous part of the Wikimedia design language, as well as being appropriate for use in headings. Georgia is a font optimized for browsers and screens. It is also widely available on our most popular platforms, including for users of Windows, Mac OSX, and iOS. Linux Libertine and Georgia act as good complementary fonts, and pair well with Helvetica and Arial. Times is set specifically to ensure that users on Linux systems have a good serif by default – Linux systems do not by default include Linux Libertine, nor Georgia. By setting Times, most Linux users will see Nimbus Roman No9 L.

Languages and scripts for which problems have been reported with Georgia or Times include Russian/Cyrillic, Hebrew, Arab, Polish, Chinese, Japanese and Korean.

Why did we specify new sans-serif fonts?
The previous state of our body content is that only "sans-serif" was specified, leaving it up to the browser to use its default sans-serif. With the exception of Helvetica, Arial and Nimbus Sans L, the fonts that most browsers use in this condition do not account for proper rendering of glyphs, pairs, and diacritical marks at small sizes. There is no free/open font that addresses this need and is ubiquitously available (see table).

We specify Neue Helvetica for Mac users, as it is a slightly more developed version of Helvetica where punctuation has been improved, the x-height is slightly more consistent, and in some cases it has more rounded bowls and counters. Overall it is an optimization of Helvetica, though it may not be as ideal in all scripts.

We specify fonts both to achieve consistency across devices and platforms and to guarantee appropriate readability and rendering at small sizes for Latin and non-Latin scripts alike. With the specifications in place, users who are interested can download the free/open fonts that have been tested or report issues to us for the fallback cases, which will allow us to address issues in a more systematic manner.

In the past, we experimented with several alternative fonts that were freely-licensed, including: Arimo, Liberation Sans, and others. Ultimately these fonts are either not commonly installed by users (creating no effect) or they render poorly on older systems or those without font smoothing/hinting.

Why did we include non-free fonts in the font stack?
The stack specified a range of fonts from Helvetica Neue to Arial that are available across all major platforms. Even though Arial is widely used as a default, we need to specify it so that the CSS degradation is predictable. To ensure a reliable experience to users across platforms as best as we can, we decided to include non-free fonts in the stack since many operating systems (such as Windows, MacOS, and iOS) do not have any FOSS fonts installed by default. Meanwhile many operating systems will use a FOSS font (such as Nimbus Sans L) in place of "Helvetica".

It is particularly important to note that, because of the way CSS font-family settings work, specifying a particular font does not create a hard dependency on that font, nor does it cause the user to download that font. This means that fonts we specify only appear if the user has them already, and Wikimedia text will continue to appear regardless of whether you have a particular font or not.

А что по поводу веб-шрифтов?
Webfonts is a system to deliver a font to users who do not have it installed. This involves having a user's browser download a font we provide, which causes additional resources to load and would have a negative impact on site performance (i.e. how fast pages load). This is particularly true for older browsers. In the future we may explore using webfonts, but for now this update provides greater readability and consistency while not degrading page load times.

Why did we change the body text color?
The new values ( on  ) have a contrast ratio of 15.3:1, which is an AAA rating according to WCAG 2.0 1.4.6. Pure black for both body copy and captions is not recommended against white for several reasons. Dyslexic users are sensitive to the juxtaposition of pure black text on a pure white background due to its high contrast. This can cause the words to swirl or blur together. To avoid this, use a slightly off-white color for your background, like a light gray, or decrease the contrast between foreground (text) and background. For users without accessibility issues, the harsh contrast of pure black on pure white can increase eye strain as well.

Как были введены эти изменения?
This typography update was first tested for four months, and then released on mobile web for all Wikimedia projects in October 2012. These included font stack declarations for serif headings and sans serif body copy, as well as increased type size and leading for body copy and captions.

These changes were later brought into desktop as a beta feature, starting in November 2013. This beta feature then went through three major iterations based on community feedback.

Как мы получали отзывы?
Many of the typography changes were first tested on mobile in October 2012, much of the learning was integrated into the typography beta feature for desktop which was launched October 2013 and went through three major releases. During that time the beta feature was used by over 14,000 users across the top 10 Wikipedias, and more than 100 discussion threads were created on the feature's Talk page.

Can I opt out of changes to the default fonts?
Yes. It is possible for logged-in users of Wikimedia sites to customize their personal CSS (i.e. Special:MyPage/vector.css on each wiki) to override some or all of the changes. You can copy User:Ekips39/typographyrefreshoverride.css into your personal CSS if you don't want to learn CSS in order to opt out of the changes. You may also of course choose to switch to another skin entirely, in your Preferences under the Appearance tab. Last but not least, you can define the default font your browser uses to display “serif” and “sans-serif” fonts, if your system does not have any of these specified fonts this browser preference will be used instead.

Протестировали ли мы всё это на разных браузерах и операционных системах?
Yes. The new font stack was tested on the following operating systems: Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, Ubuntu Linux, Mac OS X 10.8-9, iOS 6 and 7, Android, and Chrome OS. Size, leading, glyphs, hinting and font renders were tested on Windows, Ubuntu Linux, Mac OS X 10.8, Android, and Chrome OS.

How will non-English language projects adapt to these changes?
By default, the typography update will be applied to all projects (as part of the Vector skin). There may be languages that need to override some of these styles to accommodate particular scripts. For example, some scripts may need a taller line height or larger font size. Each wiki can override these particular styles by editing their MediaWiki:Vector.css page. We encourage other projects to audit the changes introduced by the update, and override the CSS only where necessary based on their script.

Also see the issues that we are already aware of regarding other language projects.

What about non-Latin scripts?
The old type size in non-Latin scripts was 0.8em (12.8px). This squashes glyphs and superscripts significantly along with the type being too small to read. Scripts examined were Urdu, Marathi, Bahasa Melayu, Chinese, Korean, and Navajo. The body copy type size increase will improve readability for most scripts. Specifically for Navajo, an override will be provided because character pairs render strangely in Helvetica.

Inline CSS guidance can be provided to ensure that languages make overrides on a case-by-case basis as needed. Please comment on the Talk page if you primarily use a non-Latin script and encounter significant problems.

Did you run any controlled experiments e.g. A/B or split tests to measure impact of the new typography?
Нет.

We often first launch new features in controlled experiments, to objectively measure their performance and test hypotheses about positive impact they might have. In the most common version (an A/B or split test) we randomly select a sample of readers or editors, give half the new version, and give half no new experience. In this case, Foundation research scientists advised against running any A/B tests or other controlled experiments. It is unlikely that minor typography changes alone would make a large impact on reading-related metrics like time on site, number of page views per visitor etc., which could be measured with confidence.

Related goals, like enhanced trust in Wikimedia sites or comprehension in reading, are not the kind of data we can best learn about on a quantitative basis, or which are also largely impacted by unrelated factors like the page content and subject, what type of page is being read (Talk versus articles, for example), and more.

Будет ли Википедия дольше загружаться из-за использования новых шрифтов?
No. We typically measure the site performance impact of a new feature, meaning whether it makes pages take longer to load. In this case, we are not adding to the list of resources that a user must download to view a page, so any change in performance will be negligible.

Code links

 * Vector style variables in LESS:
 * Plus local wiki files such as en:MediaWiki:Vector.css and en:MediaWiki:Common.css
 * Plus local wiki files such as en:MediaWiki:Vector.css and en:MediaWiki:Common.css
 * Plus local wiki files such as en:MediaWiki:Vector.css and en:MediaWiki:Common.css

См. также

 * https://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/03/27/typography-refresh/