Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Repository/Sticky Header and Table of Contents User Testing/ja

固定ヘッダ と 目次 (ToC) の改善はデスクトップ版の改善プロジェクトに組み込まれています. これらは、読者や編集者がページ全体のナビゲーションやその他の重要な機能にアクセスするためのものです.

これらの変更は、さまざまな情報源からのデータに触発されたものです. 編集者からの要望もありました. また、プロジェクト開始に先立ち、生成的な調査を行ったところ、同様の結論が得られました.

私たちの試作品やアイデアを、さまざまな場面で読者や編集者に試してもらうことを約束しました. テストの取り組みは、固定ヘッダならびに目次は将来を見越して複数バージョンの試作版の準備から着手しました. 次に、ガーナ、インドネシア、アルゼンチンの 3 つの新興地域の読者と編集者でテストを行いました.

私たちの目的は、各プロトタイプの全体的な実用性を判断し、将来的に必要な変更点を見出すことでした. この報告では、このテストの結果を示し、機能自体の次のステップを強調しています.

はじめに
現在、多くの便利なツールや機能は、ページの上部や左側のパネルでしか利用できません. 検索も言語切り替えも、 (目次など) ナビゲーションも含まれます. 人気のあるツールや機能を、ページのどの位置からでも利用できるようにして、アクセス数を増やす試みをしたいと考えています.

今回の調査では、そのための 2 つの可能性を探りました.

固定ヘッダー (Sticky header)
長い記事のページでは、最初の数段落を過ぎてしまうと、利用者はツールなどにアクセスするために再び上にスクロールする必要があります. この対処法を提案するなら、サイトヘッダ（および／または記事のヘッダ）を「固定」することです. これにより、スクロール ダウンしてもヘッダーは画面上部 (コンテンツの上) に固定されます. 仮定の固定ヘッダ上の空間（記事のページを下方へスクロールしても常に表示される）は限られており、便利に使うにはどの機能やツールを載せるべきか調査が必要でした.

この部分の調査は次の質問の答え探しに焦点を当てしました. ツールと機能を固定表示するスペースが限られているという条件で、閲読者にとって価値がある群と、(それとは別に) 編集者の場合は？

目次 (ToC)
The table of contents is crucial to the in-page navigation experience. Previous research has shown that users look to it to understand the article structure and contents, and allow for quick navigation to said contents. Currently, most articles have a table of contents near the top of the page.

この部分の調査で主に精査したのは、記事を読む間、目次 (TOC) を常に表示させると、現状 (ページ上部に置いてある形式) よりも利用者にとってもっと価値があるかどうかという点でした. Subsequently, we also wanted to determine the best possible way of providing this functionality.

Methods
This research was generated and coordinated by the Design Research team at the Wikimedia Foundation. 読者や編集者に公開した試作版は、Readers/Web/Teamウェブチームが作成しました. The research was conducted by three external vendors:


 * URIKA Insights in Ghana
 * Terang Riset Pratama in indonesia
 * CRIBA Research in Argentina

参加者
振興の地域3ヵ所（ガーナ、インドネシア、アルゼンチン）は目次（ToC）の試作版と、固定ヘッダ（SH）に載せる要素／使いやすさの評価に参加しました. The research was conducted in three languages - English (Ghana), Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesia), and Spanish (Argentina). それぞれの言語版のウィキでテストを実施し、参加者は6名ずつで、およそ半数は新規利用者または読むだけの利用者、残り半数は定期的に作業する編集者で構成しました.

固定ヘッダー (Sticky header)
固定ヘッダについて実用の可能性を感じさせる試用版を2つ作成しました - 一方は読者目線、他方は編集者目線でまとめました. Participants were asked to interact with the prototypes and rate the usefulness of the functionality within the prototypes for their daily usage of Wikipedia

 Research Goals: 


 * Determine ideal elements to include for readers (i.e. logged-out users)
 * Search, article title, language switching, etc.
 * Determine ideal elements to include for editors (i.e. logged-in users)
 * Talk, History, language switching, search, etc.
 * Determine if this list would be different for this cohort if they weren’t logged in
 * それぞれのまとまりごとに要素の相対的な優先順位を付けること
 * Evaluate prototypes reflecting the elements determined above by cohort

 Research Questions: 


 * Assuming we have limited space for persistent tools and functions (potential customization available for logged in in the future, not planned for logged out), which of the following would be most valuable:
 * Logged-out
 * ウィキペディアのロゴ
 * Article title
 * Section title
 * Search
 * Language switching
 * Edit
 * Logged-in
 * ウィキペディアのロゴ
 * Article title
 * Section title
 * Search
 * Language switching
 * Edit/edit source
 * Talk
 * History
 * Watch
 * Page tools (e.g. move)
 * User tools (opens up a menu that have to do with the user: user page, sandbox, preferences, talk beta watchlist contributions, alerts, notifications)
 * Your favorite gadgets (e.g. twinkle, tool from preferences)
 * Which elements should be persistent?
 * Which elements should be surfaced upon a ‘need’ trigger (scroll-up, hover, other?)

Table of Contents
目次に関して、参加者にはまず、いつものようにサイトをあちこち見て回ってもらいました. A general idea of their opinion on the usage of the table of contents was established. Then, a variety of prototypes were provided for different potential versions of the table of contents. ここでは、ページ内のどこを表示しても常に目次が見えるとして、さまざまな表示方法の検討に重点を置きました. Participants were asked to rank their preferred prototype, as well as to give feedback on the overall idea of a table of contents available throughout the page.

 Research Goals: 


 * Establish a qualitative understanding of how the table of contents is used, i.e. the ways in which it provides value to readers
 * How does this very on very short pages, medium length pages, and long pages
 * Establish an understanding of other methods of in-page navigation are being used (e.g. find in page)
 * Establish an understanding of what value, if any, having access to the table of contents (or a similar navigational tool) from anywhere in the page would offer
 * Is there a separate value in just seeing where you are and what the lay of the land is versus from actually clicking and navigating with it?
 * Evaluate 3-4 different in-page navigation / persistent table of contents solutions (in the form of prototypes)
 * 1) persistent table of contents
 * 2) table of contents via a menu in the article header
 * 3) table of contents via a drawer next to the article

 Research Questions: 


 * Could the table of contents provide more value to readers if it was accessible from anywhere in the article (rather than just at the top)?
 * What are the main use cases of the ToC? How do people think of it?
 * If people interact with the ToC do they typically click on one link, or more than one?
 * How do people use the ToC to navigate the article?
 * What are the main shortcomings, if any, of the current ToC?
 * Does the usage follow any sort of pattern (e.g. long vs. short articles, new vs. experienced users)?
 * What are the main differences (or tradeoffs) users notice between option A (new ToC sidebar) and option B (supplemental ToC)?
 * How does one perceive the contents of an article with/without a persistent TOC?
 * Do we lose legibility / scannability with persistent because it is more narrow?
 * 優先順位が低い質問：
 * Right vs left?
 * How many levels of depth?
 * Numbers vs. no numbers?

Overall
固定ヘッダも目次も試用版は言語にかかわらず、テストに参加したグループから好評を得ました.

固定ヘッダに対して多数の指摘が寄せられ、最も便利な要素の優先順位がわかりました. The prioritization of elements varied by location and logged-in/logged-out status (more details below)

固定ヘッダー
テストの被験者全員 (閲読者と編集者) には、自分にとってメニューにあると便利な機能について、優先順位を付けてもらいました. Here, the results varied between languages, but were not significantly different. Below, we are providing the combined prioritization (the location-based prioritization lists are available in the full report above).

 Logged-out users: 


 * 1) Article Title
 * 2) Section Title
 * 3) Search
 * 4) Language Switching
 * 5) ウィキペディアのロゴ
 * 6) Edit

 Logged-in users: 


 * 1) Search
 * 2) Article Title
 * 3) Talk
 * 4) Edit
 * 5) Language Switching
 * 6) History
 * 7) User Tools
 * 8) Page Tools
 * 9) Watch
 * 10) ガジェット
 * 11) ウィキペディアのロゴ



We also asked participants to review the prototypes available for logged-in and logged-out users. All users reported positive experiences with the prototypes. 一部の利用者から、固定ヘッダはスクロールしなくても常に表示してほしいというリクエストがありました. 被験者で編集者の人からは、固定ヘッダの要素をもっとカスタム化したいというリクエストがしばしば寄せられました. When asked to determine the legibility of the iconography used in the sticky header, many users raised questions on the meanings of several of the icons used in the prototypes, in particular the icon for beta features, gadgets, and contributions.

目次
All users found the Table of Contents to be essential to the reading experience of Wikipedia. The results also gave insight into the primary use cases for the use of the table of contents:


 * Getting a quick sense of the contents of the page - what information is available on the page/is the information the participant is looking for available on the page?
 * Getting a sense of the shape/map of the page and creating a mental model - how is the page organized, which sections are longer than others
 * Direct navigation to a specific section or piece of information

 Behavior change based on user type 

These results varied slightly depending on whether the participant was a newcomer, casual reader, or editor, with casual readers and editors being slightly more likely to interact with the table of contents directly prior to interacting with any other part of the article on medium and long pages. On short pages, the table of contents was used less-frequently. All users indicated that having the ToC only at the top of the article was an issue.

 Newcomers: 


 * Tend to scroll around the article to look for a topic
 * ToC is used a context more than navigation

 Casual Readers: 


 * Tend to go directly to the ToC - it was their first stop to understanding the context of the article.
 * Once context is established, casual readers tended to use the ToC more for navigation than  newcomers

 Editors: 


 * Go directly to the ToC
 * Used the ToC as the main point for navigation (rather than scrolling around)
 * Tended to return to the ToC while reading the article for reference or navigation

The Table of Contents Prototypes Ranking
Participants were asked to interact with five different prototypes of the table of contents. The persistent prototype was the highest ranking of all the available prototypes across all groups. No significant differences were observed based on location or familiarity with Wikimedia wikis (newcomers, casual readers, editors.)

The remainder of the rankings were as follows.


 * 1) Persistent. This prototype displayed the ToC in the left margin of the page. It also included the ability to display all sections and subsections using collapsible arrows on the side of the prototype. Participants indicated that constant access to the ToC was the main reason for the selection of this prototype as it did not require any further clicks or other interaction. Persistent_toc.gif
 * 2) ToC in Header. この試作版では、固定ヘッダにページの目次組み込みました.  Participants indicated that the ease of use of this prototype was high and particularly noted satisfaction with the clarity of which section and subsection the article was on. However, participants were unsatisfied with the collapsible nature of the prototype and requested for persistence. Header_toc.gif
 * 3) Floating dots prototype. This prototype presented the ToC as a persistent but collapsed element on the side of the page that was triggered on hover. Once again, the persistent element of the ToC was rated highly.  However, participants indicated that they did not like the ToC overlapping the article text when opened. Floating_dots.gif
 * 4) Floating box. This prototype presented a small box in the right bottom corner of the page, which could be expanded into a persistent element. During testing, participants had difficulty noticing the element. When expanded, they also noted dissatisfaction with the ToC overlapping the article text Floating_box toc.gif
 * 5) Back to top button. This prototype presented a button that took participants to the top of the page, where the original ToC is presented. This prototype was not received well across all groups. Participants mentioned that it did not provide any additional functionality that cannot be covered by the browser or the home button on their keyboards. Back_to_Top_ToC_Prototype.gif

Other crucial observations:


 * Participants prioritized persistent access - the best-performing prototype was the persistent one across all tests
 * Participants prioritized having more information - prototypes that contained all sections and subsections performed better
 * Participants did not want the ToC to overlap the content, even in the cases where it was supplementary to the main toc at the top of the page
 * Participants liked getting a sense of location within the article and noted that additions like bolding the title or the section helped with their orientation

Discussion and next steps
この調査から固定ヘッダと目次について、機能案の開発に重要な情報が得られました. As both features were received well overall by participants, the web team will continue with the development of the features and make changes according to the results mentioned above.

Sticky Headers
用意できた試作版の反復開発を重ねる上で、項目の重要度に焦点を当てて優先順位を付け、下記の固定ヘッダに組み込みました. We will also explore different triggering mechanisms for the sticky header, including allowing the header to be persistent across the top of the page.

目次に関する研究は引き続き試作版のテスト対象を広げ、さまざまなウィキメディアのプロジェクト群にわたり編集者その他のログイン利用者を対象に行う予定です.

目次
常駐型の試用版は全てのグループで最上位に入ったことから、反復開発は将来的に計画に組み込む可能性のみ検討します. また折りたたみ式の選択肢は一覧全体を表示が難しいもしくは効率が悪い状況でも応用できないか調べる予定です. たとえば、画面が小さい端末への対応になるかもしれません.

目次に関する研究は引き続き試用版のテスト対象を広げ、さまざまなウィキメディアのプロジェクト群にわたり編集者その他のログイン利用者を対象に行う予定です.