Manual:Security/de


 * Wenn Du der Meinung bist, dass Du ein Sicherheitsproblem in MediWiki oder einer von Wikimedias Webseiten gefunden hast, findest Du auf die Kontaktinformationen, sodass wir ein Bugfix-Release vorbereiten können.



Bleibe auf dem Laufenden
Die wichtigste Sicherheitsmaßnahme ist, die Software auf dem neuesten Stand zu halten. MediaWiki und die Software, auf der MediaWiki basiert, werden manchmal neue Versionen herausbringen, die neuentdeckte Sicherheitslücken korrigieren, welche eine Auswirkung auf Dich haben können.

Die MediaWiki-Entwickler empfehlen jedem MediaWiki-Betreiber dringend, sich bei der mediawiki-announce mailing list zu registrieren. Diese Liste versendet nur Ankündigungen für neue Versionen (low-traffic list).

Gemäß dem Versionslebenszyklus von MediaWiki erhält jede Version ein Jahr lang Sicherheitsupdates. Ältere Versionen können bekannte, aber ungepatchte Sicherheitslücken enthalten.

Vergiss nicht, auch die Updates für Apache, PHP, MySQL/MariaDB und jede andere Software, die auf deinen Servern ausgeführt wird, auf dem Laufenden zu halten – sowohl das Betriebssystem als auch andere Webanwendungen.

Die MediaWiki 1.3.x-Installationen mehrerer Leute waren im Herbst 2004 von einem Wurm betroffen, der einen Fehler in phpBB angriff; Sobald es über die nicht gepatchten phpBB-Sites anderer Kunden eingedrungen war, fügte es anderen beschreibbaren .php-Dateien auf dem System, einschließlich der von MediaWiki 1.3 verwendeten kompilierten Vorlagen, eine "Sie sind gehackt"-Nachricht hinzu.



Sei vorsichtig, welche Erweiterung du benutzt
Es gibt eine Vielzahl von Erweiterungen für MediaWiki. Leider gibt es diese Erweiterungen auch in sehr unterschiedlichen Qualitätsstufen. Die Verwendung einer minderwertigen Erweiterung mit MediaWiki ist eine der häufigsten Ursachen für Sicherheitsprobleme bei MediaWiki.

Bevor du dich entscheidest, eine Erweiterung zu verwenden, solltest du grundlegende Informationen über die Erweiterung einholen. Erweiterungen, die von prominenten Mitgliedern der MediaWiki-Entwicklergemeinschaft erstellt wurden, sind normalerweise ziemlich sicher. In ähnlicher Weise wurde jede Erweiterung, die in einem von der Wikimedia Foundation betriebenen Wiki verwendet wird, wahrscheinlich sorgfältig geprüft und ist wahrscheinlich sicher (es gibt natürlich keine Garantien). Wenn du jedoch eine Erweiterung auf Github findest, die seit vielen Jahren nicht mehr angefasst und von jemandem entwickelt wurde, der nur wenig Erfahrung in der Webentwicklung hat, ist das Risiko wahrscheinlich ziemlich hoch.

Letztendlich solltest du das Sicherheitsrisiko bei der Installation einer Erweiterung genauso einschätzen wie das Sicherheitsrisiko bei jeder anderen Software.

Extensions also need to be kept up to date like any other piece of software. Extensions bundled with MediaWiki have security announcements made to mediawiki-announce mailing list, but other extensions do not. Some, but definitely not all extensions announce security issues on mediawiki-l mailing list.



Dateiberechtigungen
Another very important thing you should do to secure your MediaWiki installation: Make sure the user running php does not have write access to any web-accessible file or directory that php is enabled to run on.

On Debian-based systems this means the  user should not own the php files.

On unix-like systems, you can do this by ensuring that the mediawiki directory/files are owned by someone other than your web server user (www-data) or mysql server user. Depending on how you installed MediaWiki this may already be the case, but if not can be accomplished by doing where username is a user other than the webserver or mysql user (commonly you would use your own username provided mysql and php are not running as your username). After doing that step, you may however need to change the owner of the image directory back to the php user, as uploaded files need to go there, so MediaWiki needs to be able to write there (e.g. ). Next you run  to remove write access from all other users besides the file owners. After doing that step you may need to re-enable write access to the images directory.

Directories that MediaWiki needs write access to (such as $wgCacheDirectory if that feature is enabled) should be located outside of the web root. The exception being the images directory, which must be in the web root. However, it is important to disable php in the images directory. The details on how to do this varies with webserver, but on apache it can sometimes be accomplished by using  in a .htaccess file. If you do accomplish this via a config file in the images directory itself, you should ensure the config file is not writable by the webserver. See the section below on upload security for more details.

Your LocalSettings.php file must be readable by the php user, however it should not be world readable, to prevent other processes from discovering your database password and other sensitive information. Like all MediaWiki files, the php user should not be able to write to LocalSettings.php.

Transport Layer Security (TLS, HTTPS)
To protect against firesheep style attacks and general privacy leaks, it is recommended to host your site using TLS (HTTPS). A guide for setting up TLS is out of the scope of this document, however it should be noted that this is much cheaper now that letsencrypt.org provides free certificates.

If you do setup TLS, it is important to test your site with ssllabs.com/ssltest/ to ensure that it is setup properly, as it is easy to accidentally misconfigure TLS.

If you enable TLS, you may also want to configure your webserver to send the  header. This will improve the security of your website against eavesdroppers quite a bit, but at the drawback that it means you cannot decide to stop using TLS for a set period of time.



Allgemeine PHP-Empfehlungen

 *  Please refer to the OWASP PHP Security Cheat Sheet 

These bits of advice go for pretty much any PHP environment, and are not necessarily specific to MediaWiki.

PHP configuration recommendations, for or set otherwise:


 * Unless you require it specifically, disable.
 * Remote PHP code execution vulnerabilities may depend on being able to inject a URL into a  or  . If you don't require the use of remote file loading, turning this off can prevent attacks of this kind on vulnerable code.
 * MediaWiki may require this setting to be on for the Lucene search extension, the OAI harvester extension, the TitleBlacklist extension, and certain uses of Special:Import in 1.5. It should not however be required in a typical installation.
 * MediaWiki should be safe even if this is on; turning this off is a precaution against the possibility of unknown vulnerability.
 * Set  off.
 * If this is on, session IDs may be added to URLs sometimes if cookies aren't doing their thing. That can leak login session data to third-party sites through referrer data or cut-and-paste of links.
 * You should always turn this off if it's on.

For instance if you see this line in php.ini:

allow_url_fopen = On

Ändere es zu:

allow_url_fopen = Off

Alternatively, you could add this apache directive to turn off allow_url_fopen on a per-directory basis:

php_flag allow_url_fopen off

Then restart Apache to reload the changes by  or   (SuSE).

On a multiuser system with PHP installed as an Apache module, all users' scripts will run under the same reduced-privilege user account. This may give other users access to read your configuration files (including database passwords), read and modify your login session data, or write files into your upload directory (if enabled).

For multiuser security, consider using a CGI/FastCGI configuration in which each user's scripts run under their own account.

General MySQL and MariaDB recommendations
Generell solltest du Zugriff zu deiner MySQL- oder MariaDB-Datenbank auf einen Minimum beschränken. If it will only be used from the single machine it's running on, consider disabling networking support, or enabling local networking access only (via the loopback device, see below), so the server can only communicate with local clients over Unix domain sockets.

If it will be used over a network with a limited number of client machines, consider setting the IP firewall rules to accept access to TCP port 3306 (MySQL/MariaDB's port) only from those machines or only from your local subnet, and reject all accesses from the larger internet. This can help prevent accidentally opening access to your server due to some unknown flaw in the database server, a mistakenly set overly broad GRANT, or a leaked password.

If you create a new MySQL/MariaDB user for MediaWiki through MediaWiki's installer, somewhat liberal access is granted to it to ensure that it will work from a second server as well as a local one. You might consider manually narrowing this or establishing the user account yourself with custom permissions from just the places you need. The database user only needs to have SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE permissions for the database.

In particular, the FILE privilege is a common cause of security issues. You should ensure that the MySQL/MariaDB user does not have this privilege or any of the "server administration" privileges.

Note that the  table in MediaWiki's database contains hashed user passwords and may contain user email addresses, and should generally be considered private data.



Wartungsskripte
For the maintenance scripts, you might want to create a DB-admin-user with more rights. For this, set the following variables with the database credentials of that account:



See Manual:Maintenance scripts#Configuration for details on the needed MySQL/MariaDB rights.



Upgrade vom MediaWiki
Während des Upgrades werden mehr MySQL/MariaDB-Rechte benötigt.



Mehr über MySQL und MariaDB

 * mysql command-line options.
 * Setting  in your my.ini (under section  ) will cause MySQL/MariaDB to only listen on the loopback interface. This is the default in the EasyPHP install for Windows. (If you are using MySQL/MariaDB on a Unix machine, the setting may be   instead in the my.cnf file.)
 * GRANT and REVOKE syntax



Wenn die MySQL- oder MariaDB-Datenbank geleakt wurde
Wenn die Datenbank an die Öffentlichkeit geleakt wurde, mache folgendes in LocalSettings.php:


 * 1) Ändere, falls dies auch geleakt wurde
 * 2) Ändere ein paar Zeichen in
 * 3) Reset the user_token column in your user table so that it can't be used to impersonate your users



Wenn LocalSettings.php geleakt wurde
If LocalSettings.php has leaked to the public, reprotect it and:


 * 1) Ändere
 * 2) Replace  with a different random string of letters and numbers
 * 3) Make a different  (optional)
 * 4) Reset the user_token column in your user table so that it can't be used to impersonate any users



Datenbankpasswörter
See for some precautions you may wish to take to reduce the risk of MySQL/MariaDB passwords being presented to the web.



Alternatives Dateilayout
MediaWiki is designed to run in-place after being extracted from the distribution archive. This approach is convenient, but can result in reduced security or unnecessarily duplicated files.

You avoid duplicates in a mass installation or to keep sensitive files out of the web root for safety by manually relocating or consolidating various files.

Moving the main includes and skin files may require carefully picking and choosing and altering the  set in your. Experiment with this as desired.

If working to improve security, keep in mind that  uses the current directory as a base. This means that only setting your  may not help to improve the security of your installation.



Verschiebe sensible Informationen
Consider moving the database password or other potentially sensitive data from  to another file located outside of the web document root, and including that file from   (through  ). This can help to ensure that your database password will not be compromised if a web server configuration error disables PHP execution and reveals the file's source text.

Similarly, editing  with some text editors will leave a backup file in the same directory with an altered file extension, causing the copy to be served as plain text if someone requests, for example,. If you use such an editor, be sure to disable backup generation or move sensitive data outside the web root.

A MediaWiki debug logfile as it is used for debugging also contains sensitive data. Make sure to always disallow access for non authorized persons and the public as explained, delete remains of such logfiles when they are not needed, and comment or clear the logfile lines in your.

Set DocumentRoot to /dev/null
A more secure option for the Apache Web Server is to set the  to an empty or non-existent directory, and then use   directives in the Apache configuration to expose only the scripts and directories that need to be web-accessible.

Loader scripts
A PHP-only solution that will work with any web server is to write a series of scripts that explicitly  to a specific directory and then require one or more source files. For example:

User security
Anyone able to edit the user-interface system messages in the MediaWiki: namespace can introduce arbitrary HTML and JavaScript code into page output. This includes wiki users who have the editinterface permission, as well as anyone with direct write access to the text table in the database.

HTML is disabled on many system messages, particularly those displayed at the login screen, so the risk of password-snarfing JavaScript should be minimal. Malicious code could still attempt to exploit browser vulnerabilities (install spyware, etc.), though, so, you should make sure that only trusted people can modify system messages.



Upload-Sicherheit

 * Siehe auch:

The main concern is: How do we prevent users from uploading malicious files?

File uploads are an optional feature of MediaWiki and are disabled by default. If you enable them, you also need to provide a directory in the web root which is writable by the web server user.

This has several implications for security:

If at all possible, make the directory writable only by the web server's account, don't make the directory world-writable.
 * The directory may have to be world-writable, or else owned by the web server's limited user account. On a multiuser system it may be possible for other local users to slip malicious files into your upload directory (see multiuser notes above).
 * While PHP's configuration sets a file size limit on individual uploads, MediaWiki doesn't set any limit on total uploads. A malicious (or overzealous) visitor could fill up a disk partition by uploading a lot of files.
 * Generated thumbnails and uploaded files held for overwrite confirmation may be kept in images/thumb and images/tmp without visible notice in the MediaWiki web interface. Keep an eye on their sizes as well.

The default configuration makes an attempt to limit the types of files which can be uploaded for safety:

(It has been proposed to remove this check, see T309787).
 * By default, file extensions .png, .gif, .jpg, .jpeg and webp are white listed.
 * Various executable and script extensions are explicitly blacklisted even if you allow users to override the whitelist.
 * Several known image file extensions have their types verified using PHP's function.
 * Uploaded files are checked to see if they could trip file type detection bugs in Internet Explorer and Safari which might cause them to display as HTML.

As a precaution, you should explicitly disable server-side execution of PHP scripts (and any other scripting types you may have) in the uploads directory (by default, ). You should also instruct browsers to not "sniff" files by setting a  header.

For instance, an Apache .conf file fragment to do this if your MediaWiki instance is in /Library/MediaWiki/web might look something like:

If you don't have access to apache configuration files, but you can use .htaccess files to override configuration settings on specific directories, you can put an .htaccess file on the upload directory that looks like this:

Your exact configuration may vary. In particular, the use of options may complicate handling of uploads.

If you use any of the above solution, you can check whether it's really working with this simple test.


 * Create a 'test.php' file in the upload directory.
 * Put  in the file.
 * Visit the file path in a web browser. If you see just the text of the file you are good, otherwise something is wrong somewhere.

 Disable PHP solution for Nginx:  http://serverfault.com/a/585559/162909

For best security, you should also consider using a separate domain for uploaded files. For full security it is best to have uploads served from an entirely separate domain, not a subdomain, but even a subdomain will provide additional security. This is especially important if you allow uploading SVG files since that file format is so similar to HTML. MediaWiki checks SVG uploads for security, but it is best to have multiple layers of defense. See for configuring a different domain to serve media files.



Externe Programme

 * may be executed for edit conflict merging.
 * If ImageMagick support for thumbnails or SVG images is enabled,  may be run on uploaded files.
 * If enabled, Math extension will call  executable, which calls ,  , and   (which calls  ).



Siehe auch

 *  General 
 * Configuration Settings: Access
 * meta:Category:MediaWiki authentication
 *  Planning/Requirements gathering 
 *  User authorization 
 * AuthManager - describes plug-in architecture for determining user identity
 * - configuration variable used by plug-in architecture
 * - authorization extensions available
 * - reseting a MediaWiki user's password
 *  Monitoring user activity 
 *  Assignment of access rights by IP, user identity 
 * Access control
 * FAQ/Initial user was not created by installer
 * FAQ/Anti-spam
 * - describes configuration of the default MediaWiki rights architecture
 * - various tips and how-to guides
 * - IP/user-based restrictions on access to images
 * - extensions that assist in user rights management
 * Konfigurationsvariablen:, , ,
 *  Security-enhanced MediaWiki versions/sample installations 
 *  Security alerts 
 * - how to report problems, receive notifications
 * ModSecurity
 * Technische Details
 * database schema: User groups table, User table, Revision table, Recentchanges table
 * hooks:, , , ,
 * code:
 * - instructions for designing access rights-aware special pages.
 *  Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) 
 *  Web Application Security - Modsecurity Rules (WAS) 
 *  - für Entwickler
 * ModSecurity
 * Technische Details
 * database schema: User groups table, User table, Revision table, Recentchanges table
 * hooks:, , , ,
 * code:
 * - instructions for designing access rights-aware special pages.
 *  Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) 
 *  Web Application Security - Modsecurity Rules (WAS) 
 *  - für Entwickler