API:Main page/ja


 * This is an introductory overview. See the menu bar on the right for more detailed sub-topics.

MediaWiki ウェブ API は、ウィキの機能、データ、メタデータに HTTP でアクセする便利な手段を提供するウェブ サービスです.

はじめに
「内部 API」や「PHP API」をお探しの場合は、PHP 開発者が MediaWiki インストレーションに新しい機能を追加できるようにする拡張機能のインターフェイスをご覧ください.

MediaWiki のウェブ API は、MediaWiki を監視したり、自動的に保守するためのボットを作成するために使用できます. ウェブ API は、MediaWiki のデータベース内のデータへの直接的で高水準なアクセス手段を提供します. クライアント プログラムは、ウェブ サービスに対して HTTP リクエストを送信することで、ウィキにログインする、データを取得する、変更内容を投稿するという処理を自動的に実行できます. 対応しているクライアントには、ボット、Navigation popups などのウェブベース JavaScript クライアント、LiveRC、Vandal Fighter などのエンド ユーザー アプリケーション、その他のウェブ サイト ([//tools.wmflabs.org Tool Labs] のユーティリティ) などがあります.

MediaWiki の新しいインストレーションでは、ウェブ サービスは既定で有効になっていますが、管理者が無効化することができます.

MediaWiki には外部向けのインターフェイスが他に 2 つあります:


 * Special:Export ページ. ウィキのコンテンツを XML 形式で一括して書き出せるページです. 詳細情報は meta.wikimedia.org 上の、書き出しについてのヘルプ ページをお読みください.
 * 標準のウェブベースのインターフェイス (あなたが今、このページを閲覧するためにおそらく使用しているインターフェイス). ウェブベースのインターフェイスの使用についての情報は  をお読みください.

単純な例
この URL は、英語版ウィキペディアのウェブ サービス API に、メインページの本文を送信させます:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&titles=Main%20Page&prop=revisions&rvprop=content&format=json

HTTP GET リクエストを送信するために、あらゆるプログラミング言語を使用できます (単にブラウザーでリンクにアクセスするだけでも構いません). すると、「Main Page」という名前のページの現在のウィキ マークアップを含む JSON 文書が得られます. 形式を　 に変更することで、「pretty-printed」(読みやすく整形された) HTML が得られます. これはデバッグに役立ちます.

Let's pick that URL apart to show how it works.

エンドポイント
これが「エンドポイント」です. MediaWiki ウェブ サービス API のホームページのようなものです. This URL is the base URL for English Wikipedia's API, just as  is the base URL for its web site.

If you're writing a program to use English Wikipedia, every URL you construct will begin with this base URL. If you're using a different MediaWiki installation, you'll need to find its endpoint and use that instead. All Wikimedia wikis have endpoints that follow this pattern:

Since, we have RSD discovery for the endpoint: look for the  in the HTML source of any page and extract the   URL; the actual link contains additional info. 例えば、このウィキでは:

Otherwise, there's no safe way to locate the endpoint on any wiki. If you're lucky, either the full path to index.php will not be hidden under strange rewrite rules so that you'll only have to take the "edit" (or history) link and replace index.php (etc.) with api.php, or you'll be able to use the default script path (like ).

Now let's move on to the parameters in the query string of the URL.

形式 (format)
This tells the Wikimedia web service API that we want data to be returned in JSON format. You might also want to try  to get an HTML version of the result that is good for debugging. APIは他にも XML や native PHP のような出力形式をサポートしていますが、使用頻度の低い形式を廃止する (T95715) ことが計画されており、それらの使用はおすすめできません.

操作 (action)
The MediaWiki web service API implements dozens of actions and extensions implement many more; the dynamically generated [//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php API help] documents all available actions on a wiki. In this case, we're using the "query" action to get some information. The "query" action is one of the API's most important actions, and it has extensive documentation of its own. What follows is just an explanation of a single example.

操作固有のパラメーター
The rest of the example URL contains parameters used by the "query" action. Here, we're telling the web service API that we want information about the Wiki page called "Main Page". (%20 は 空白 (スペース) をパーセントエンコーディングしたものです. ) If you need to work with multiple pages, please consider putting them all in one request to optimize network and server resources:. See the query documentation for details.

You can request many kinds of information, or properties, about a page. This parameter tells the web service API that we want information about a particular revision of the page. Since we're not specifying any revision information, the API will give us information about the latest revision &mdash; the main page of Wikipedia as it stands right now.

Finally, this parameter tells the web service API that we want the content of the latest revision of the page. If we passed in  instead, we'd get the latest page content and the name of the user who made the most recent revision.

繰り返しますが、これは一例にすぎません. Queries are explained in more detail here, and the API reference lists all the possible actions, all the possible values for, and so on.



さあ、はじめましょう
Before you start using the MediaWiki web service API, be sure to read these documents:


 * The FAQ.
 * The page about input and output formats
 * The page about errors and warnings* Any policies that apply to the wiki you want to access, such as (for Wikimedia Foundation wikis) our terms of use. These terms apply to you when you access or edit using the web service API, just as they do when you use your web browser.

Beyond that point, what you need to read depends on what you want to do. The right-hand menu links to detailed, task-specific documentation, and some more general guidelines are given below.

Identifying your client
When you make HTTP requests to the MediaWiki web service API, be sure to specify a  header that properly identifies your client. Don't use the default  provided by your client library, but make up a custom header that identifies your script or service and provides some type of means of contacting you (e.g., an e-mail address).

An example User-Agent string might look like: MyCoolTool/1.1 (http://example.com/MyCoolTool/; MyCoolTool@example.com) BasedOnSuperLib/1.4

On Wikimedia wikis, if you don't supply a  header, or you supply an empty or generic one, your request will fail with an HTTP 403 error (cf. User-Agent policy). Other MediaWiki installations may have similar policies.

If you are calling the API from browser-based JavaScript, you won't be able to influence the  header: the browser will use its own. To work around this, use the  header:

In PHP, you can identify your user-agent with code such as this:

Or if you use cURL:

Logging in
Your client will probably need to log in to MediaWiki, possibly via its own user account. See the login manual page for details.

API etiquette
Please also read: API:Etiquette

If your requests obtain data that can be cached for a while, you should take steps to cache it, so you don't request the same data over and over again. More information about rate-limiting, concurrency, and general API etiquette can be found at API:Etiquette. Some clients may be able to cache data themselves, but for others (particularly JavaScript clients), this is not possible.

Per the HTTP specification, POST requests cannot be cached. Therefore, whenever you're reading data from the web service API, you should use GET requests, not POST.

Also note that a request cannot be served from cache unless the URL is exactly the same. If you make a request for, and cache the result, then a request for   will not go through the cache — even though MediaWiki returns the same data!

You should take care to normalize the URLs you send to the MediaWiki web service, so that slightly different user input won't cause you to waste time on unnecessary HTTP requests. You can normalize a list of page titles by removing duplicates and sorting the titles alphabetically. Similar techniques will work for other kinds of data.

Useful links
The menu bar on the right side of this page links to more detailed, task-specific documentation. Here are some links having to do with the API as a whole:
 * The API sandbox available on all Wikimedia wikis makes it easy to try out different actions interactively.
 * [//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php The API reference] contains automatically-generated descriptions of all actions and parameters.
 * Hook into Wikipedia information using PHP and the MediaWiki API (IBM developerWorks article, 17 May 2011)
 * Hook into Wikipedia using Java and the MediaWiki API (6 April 2012)
 * The API tutorial leads you through hands-on exercises and includes a training video.
 * Mailing list for notifications and questions: API mailing list
 * Low-traffic mailing list for announcements only (all posts to this list are posted to mediawiki-api as well): mediawiki-api-announce
 * View and report API bugs in the MediaWiki-API Phabricator project (When reporting new bugs, don't forget to add MediaWiki-API to Projects)
 * — The current MediaWiki database schema
 * — The current MediaWiki database schema

Archived links

 * 2006 API discussion