Your 1st link is the "file page" in namespace 6 (File, Image, or localized "Fichier" in your case.) It contains an "upload history" ("Historique du fichier"). As you said that's empty, your upload contained no comment.
Your 2nd link is a special page listing all uploaded files chronologically (newest on top). For 2015-02-28 18:51 this list contains the image for your 1st link, with the same empty upload log, the same timestamp, the same size, etc., all as it should be.
In other words, there is no newer version of Atterrisseur_avant_apres.JPG on this wiki, the old 2015-02-28 18:51 is still the current version. Wild guess, did you try to upload exactly the same image with a comment? MediaWiki completely drops all balls and marbles it might possess if images have the same hash, just don't try that, it doesn't work as expected.
My failed experiments with another image on commons: c:File:DPI_and_PPI.png, I tried to fix a broken link in my upload 12:17:56 with a revert 12:20:08 and a new upload (correct link in comment) 12:22:03. After that I spent hours to convince MediaWiki, that I want in fact the new image, not the old image, eventually luck or bigChunkedUpload.js managed this.