From MediaWiki.org
math table is used by the math module to keep track of previously-rendered items.
describe math;
+----------------------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------------------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| math_inputhash | varchar(16) | | PRI | | |
| math_outputhash | varchar(16) | | | | |
| math_html_conservativeness | tinyint(1) | | | 0 | |
| math_html | text | YES | | NULL | |
| math_mathml | text | YES | | NULL | |
+----------------------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
Looks like a caching table for MathML translations.
DESCRIBE math; in MediaWiki 1.8 gives the following:
+----------------------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------------------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| math_inputhash | varchar(16) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| math_outputhash | varchar(16) | NO | | NULL | |
| math_html_conservativeness | tinyint(1) | NO | | NULL | |
| math_html | text | YES | | NULL | |
| math_mathml | text | YES | | NULL | |
+----------------------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+----------------------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------------------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| math_inputhash | varchar(16) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| math_outputhash | varchar(16) | NO | | NULL | |
| math_html_conservativeness | tinyint(1) | NO | | NULL | |
| math_html | text | YES | | NULL | |
| math_mathml | text | YES | | NULL | |
+----------------------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+----------------------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------------------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| math_inputhash | varbinary(16) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| math_outputhash | varbinary(16) | NO | | NULL | |
| math_html_conservativeness | tinyint(4) | NO | | NULL | |
| math_html | text | YES | | NULL | |
| math_mathml | text | YES | | NULL | |
+----------------------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+----------------------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------------------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| math_inputhash | varchar(16) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| math_outputhash | varchar(16) | NO | | NULL | |
| math_html_conservativeness | tinyint(1) | NO | | NULL | |
| math_html | text | YES | | NULL | |
| math_mathml | text | YES | | NULL | |
+----------------------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+